1.Chiyambi
Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting (RFEH) ndi radiative wireless power transfer (WPT) zakopa chidwi chachikulu ngati njira zopezera maukonde opanda batire opanda zingwe. Rectennas ndi mwala wapangodya wa machitidwe a WPT ndi RFEH ndipo amakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya DC yomwe imaperekedwa ku katundu. Zinthu za mlongoti wa rectenna zimakhudza mwachindunji kukolola, zomwe zimatha kusintha mphamvu yokolola ndi madongosolo angapo a ukulu. Pepalali likuwunikiranso mapangidwe a tinyanga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu WPT ndi mapulogalamu a RFEH omwe ali pafupi. Ma rectenna omwe adanenedwa amagawidwa molingana ndi njira ziwiri zazikulu: mlongoti wowongolera bandwidth komanso mawonekedwe a radiation a mlongoti. Pachiyeso chilichonse, chiwerengero cha merit (FoM) cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana chimatsimikiziridwa ndikuwunikidwanso mofanana.
WPT idaperekedwa ndi Tesla koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 ngati njira yofatsira masauzande amphamvu zamahatchi. Mawu akuti rectenna, omwe amafotokoza mlongoti wolumikizidwa ndi cholumikizira kuti akolole mphamvu za RF, adawonekera m'ma 1950s pakutumiza mphamvu zamagetsi mumlengalenga wa microwave komanso kuyatsa ma drones odziyimira pawokha. Omnidirectional, WPT yautali wautali imakakamizidwa ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wofalitsa (mpweya). Chifukwa chake, malonda a WPT amangokhala osamutsa magetsi osagwiritsa ntchito magetsi opanda zingwe pamagetsi ogula opanda zingwe kapena RFID.
Pamene mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito zida za semiconductor ndi ma sensa opanda zingwe akupitirirabe kuchepa, zimakhala zotheka kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito RFEH yozungulira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma transmitters otsika kwambiri a omnidirectional. Makina amphamvu opanda zingwe opanda zingwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kutsogolo kwa RF, mphamvu ya DC ndi kasamalidwe ka kukumbukira, ndi microprocessor yamphamvu ndi transceiver.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kamangidwe ka RFEH opanda zingwe node komanso zomwe zimanenedwa za RF kutsogolo-kumapeto. Kuthekera kwakumapeto kwa dongosolo lamagetsi opanda zingwe ndi kamangidwe kazomwe zidziwitso zopanda zingwe zolumikizidwa ndi netiweki yotumizira mphamvu zimatengera magwiridwe antchito amtundu uliwonse, monga tinyanga, zowongolera, ndi mabwalo owongolera mphamvu. Zofufuza zingapo zamabuku zachitika mbali zosiyanasiyana zadongosolo. Table 1 ikufotokoza mwachidule gawo la kusintha kwa mphamvu, zigawo zazikulu za kusinthika kwa mphamvu moyenera, ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mabuku pa gawo lililonse. Zolemba zaposachedwa zimayang'ana kwambiri paukadaulo wosinthira mphamvu, ma topology okonzanso, kapena RFEH yodziwa netiweki.
Chithunzi 1
Komabe, mapangidwe a antenna samatengedwa ngati gawo lofunikira mu RFEH. Ngakhale zolemba zina zimawona bandwidth ya mlongoti ndikuchita bwino kuchokera kumalingaliro onse kapena kuchokera ku kamangidwe kake ka tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, monga tinyanga tating'onoting'ono kapena kuvala, kukhudzika kwa magawo ena a mlongoti pakulandila mphamvu komanso kusinthika sikuwunikidwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Pepalali likuwunikiranso njira zamapangidwe a tinyanga mumakona ndi cholinga chosiyanitsa RFEH ndi WPT zovuta za kapangidwe ka tinyanga tating'onoting'ono ndi kapangidwe kake kolumikizana ndi mlongoti. Antennas amafaniziridwa kuchokera kuzinthu ziwiri: kufananiza kwa mapeto ndi mapeto a impedance ndi maonekedwe a ma radiation; pazochitika zilizonse, FoM imadziwika ndikuwunikiridwa muzitsulo zamakono (SoA).
2. Bandwidth ndi Kufananiza: Non-50Ω RF Networks
Kulepheretsa kwa 50Ω ndikulingalira koyambirira kwa kusokonekera pakati pa kuchepetsedwa ndi mphamvu muzogwiritsa ntchito mainjiniya a microwave. Mu antennas, bandwidth ya impedance imatanthauzidwa ngati maulendo afupipafupi omwe mphamvu yowonetsera ili yochepa kuposa 10% (S11< - 10 dB). Popeza ma amplifiers otsika (LNAs), zokulitsa mphamvu, ndi zowunikira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi machesi a 50Ω, gwero la 50Ω limatchulidwa kale.
Mu rectenna, kutulutsa kwa mlongoti kumadyetsedwa mwachindunji mu rectifier, ndipo kusagwirizana kwa diode kumayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu mu impedance yolowetsa, ndi capacitive chigawo cholamulira. Kungotengera mlongoti wa 50Ω, vuto lalikulu ndikupanga netiweki yofananira ya RF kuti isinthe cholepheretsa cholowa kukhala cholepheretsa chokonzanso pamafupipafupi a chiwongola dzanja ndikuchikulitsa pamlingo wina wake wamagetsi. Pankhaniyi, bandwidth yomaliza mpaka-mapeto imafunikira kuti muwonetsetse kutembenuka kwa RF kukhala DC. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi kapena geometry yodzipangira yokha, bandwidth ya rectenna imatsekeredwa ndi netiweki yofananira.
Ma rectenna topolologies angapo aperekedwa kuti akwaniritse kukolola kwa gulu limodzi ndi magulu angapo kapena WPT pochepetsa kuwunikira komanso kukulitsa kusamutsa mphamvu pakati pa mlongoti ndi chowongolera. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amtundu wa rectenna topologies, wogawika m'magulu awo ofananirako. Table 2 ikuwonetsa zitsanzo za ma rectennas apamwamba kwambiri pokhudzana ndi bandwidth yomaliza (pankhaniyi, FoM) pagulu lililonse.
Chithunzi 2 Rectenna topologies kuchokera pamalingaliro a bandwidth ndi impedance yofananira. (a) Rectenna ya gulu limodzi yokhala ndi mlongoti wokhazikika. (b) Multiband rectenna (yopangidwa ndi tinyanga zophatikizika zingapo) yokhala ndi chowongolera chimodzi ndi netiweki yofananira pagulu lililonse. (c) Broadband rectenna yokhala ndi madoko angapo a RF komanso maukonde ofananira pagulu lililonse. (d) Broadband rectenna yokhala ndi mlongoti wa Broadband ndi netiweki yofananira. (e) Rectna ya gulu limodzi lokhala ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tamagetsi tofanana ndi chowongolera. (f) Gulu limodzi, mlongoti wamkulu wamagetsi wokhala ndi vuto lolumikizana ndi chowongolera. (g) Broadband rectenna yokhala ndi zovuta kuti ilumikizane ndi chowongolera pama frequency angapo.
Ngakhale kuti WPT ndi RFEH yozungulira kuchokera ku chakudya chodzipatulira ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana a rectenna, kukwaniritsa kufanana kwa mapeto ndi mapeto pakati pa mlongoti, rectifier ndi katundu ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse kutembenuka kwamphamvu (PCE) kuchokera ku bandwidth. Komabe, ma rectennas a WPT amayang'ana kwambiri pakukwaniritsa mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri (otsika S11) kuti apititse patsogolo PCE ya gulu limodzi pamagulu ena amphamvu (topology a, e ndi f). Bandwidth yayikulu ya single-band WPT imapangitsa chitetezo chamthupi kuti chisawonongeke, kupanga zolakwika ndi ma parasitics. Kumbali inayi, RFEH rectennas imayika patsogolo ntchito yamagulu angapo ndipo ndi ya topology bd ndi g, popeza mphamvu yowoneka bwino yamphamvu (PSD) ya gulu limodzi imakhala yotsika.
3. Kapangidwe ka mlongoti wamakona anayi
1. Single-frequency rectenna
Kapangidwe ka mlongoti wa single-frequency rectenna (topology A) makamaka amatengera kapangidwe kake ka mlongoti, monga linear polarization (LP) kapena circular polarization (CP) chigamba chowunikira pansi pa ndege, dipole antenna ndi mlongoti wa F. Differential band rectenna imachokera pagulu la DC lopangidwa ndi mayunitsi angapo kapena kuphatikiza DC ndi RF kuphatikiza mayunitsi angapo.
Popeza kuti tinyanga tambiri timene tikukambidwa ndi tinyanga ta single-frequency ndipo zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za single-frequency WPT, pofunafuna zachilengedwe ma frequency amtundu wa RFEH, tinyanga tambiri timene timaphatikizana kukhala ma multi-band rectennas (topology B) ndi kuponderezana kolumikizana komanso kuphatikiza kodziyimira pawokha kwa DC pambuyo pa kasamalidwe ka mphamvu kuti aziwalekanitsa ndi RF yopezera ndikusintha dera. Izi zimafuna mabwalo owongolera magetsi angapo pagulu lililonse, zomwe zingachepetse mphamvu ya chosinthira chowonjezera chifukwa mphamvu ya DC ya gulu limodzi ndiyotsika.
2. Multi-band ndi burodibandi RFEH tinyanga
RFEH zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupeza magulu ambiri; Choncho, njira zosiyanasiyana zaperekedwa kuti ziwongolere bandwidth ya mapangidwe a mlongoti wamba ndi njira zopangira magulu amtundu wamagulu awiri kapena gulu la antenna. Mu gawoli, tikuwunikanso mapangidwe a tinyanga ta ma RFEH, komanso tinyanga tambiri tambiri tambiri tomwe timatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma rectenna.
Tinyanga ta Coplanar waveguide (CPW) timatenga malo ocheperapo kuposa tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga mafunde a LP kapena CP, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tinyanga tachilengedwe. Ndege zowunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa kudzipatula ndikuwongolera kupindula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma radiation akhale ofanana ndi tinyanga ta zigamba. Tinyanga za coplanar waveguide zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ma bandwidth a ma frequency angapo, monga 1.8-2.7 GHz kapena 1-3 GHz. Tinyanga zopatsirana zophatikizidwa ndi tinyanga ta zigamba zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popanga ma multiband rectenna. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa tinyanga tamagulu tambirimbiri tomwe timagwiritsira ntchito njira yopititsira patsogolo bandwidth imodzi.
Chithunzi 3
Kufananiza kwa Antenna-Rectifier Impedans
Kufananiza mlongoti wa 50Ω ndi chowongolera chopanda mzere ndizovuta chifukwa kusokoneza kwake kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Mu topology A ndi B (Chithunzi 2), maukonde wamba ofanana ndi machesi LC ntchito lumped zinthu; komabe, bandwidth wachibale nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika kuposa magulu ambiri olankhulirana. Kufananiza kwa single-band stub nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu a microwave ndi ma millimeter-wave pansi pa 6 GHz, ndipo ma millimeter-wave rectennas omwe amanenedwa amakhala ndi bandwidth yocheperako chifukwa bandwidth yawo ya PCE imatsekeredwa ndi kutulutsa kwamtundu umodzi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kumodzi- band WPT mu gulu lopanda chilolezo la 24 GHz.
Ma rectennas mu topology C ndi D ali ndi maukonde ofananira ovuta kwambiri. Manetiweki ofananira bwino omwe aperekedwa kuti afananize ma burodibandi, okhala ndi RF block/DC short circuit (pass fyuluta) pa doko lotulutsa kapena DC blocking capacitor ngati njira yobwerera kwa ma diode harmonics. Zida zokonzanso zitha kusinthidwa ndi ma capacitor osindikizidwa ozungulira (PCB), omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Maukonde ena ofananira ndi Broadband rectenna amaphatikiza zinthu zophatikizika kuti zifananize ndi ma frequency otsika ndi zinthu zomwe zimagawidwa kuti apange RF yaifupi pakulowetsamo.
Kusiyanitsa kulowetsedwa komwe kumawonedwa ndi katunduyo kudzera pa gwero (kotchedwa gwero-chikoka njira) kwagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga cholumikizira cholumikizira cha Broadband ndi 57% bandwidth wachibale (1.25-2.25 GHz) ndi 10% apamwamba PCE poyerekeza ndi mabwalo ozungulira kapena ogawidwa. . Ngakhale maukonde ofananitsa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi tinyanga pa bandwidth yonse ya 50Ω, pali malipoti m'mabuku pomwe tinyanga za Broadband zidalumikizidwa ndi zowongolera zocheperako.
Ma hybrid lumped-element and distributed-element ofananitsa maukonde akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu topology C ndi D, ndi ma inductors ndi ma capacitor omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi zimapewa zinthu zovuta monga ma interdigitated capacitors, omwe amafunikira kutengera kolondola komanso kupanga kusiyana ndi mizere yokhazikika ya microstrip.
Mphamvu yolowera ku rectifier imakhudza kulowetsedwa kolowera chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa diode. Chifukwa chake, rectenna idapangidwa kuti ikulitse PCE pamlingo wina wolowera mphamvu ndi kutsekeka kwa katundu. Popeza ma diode amakhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba ochepera 3 GHz, mabwalo amtundu wa Broadband omwe amachotsa ma netiweki ofananira kapena kuchepetsa mabwalo ofananira osavuta akhala akuyang'ana pafupipafupi Prf> 0 dBm ndi kupitilira 1 GHz, popeza ma diode ali ndi mphamvu yocheperako ndipo amatha kufananizidwa bwino. kwa mlongoti, potero kupewa mapangidwe a tinyanga ndi kulowetsa zochita > 1,000Ω.
Zofananira zosinthika kapena zosinthikanso zawoneka mu CMOS rectennas, pomwe netiweki yofananira imakhala ndi mabanki a on-chip capacitor ndi ma inductors. Maukonde ofananira a CMOS aperekedwanso kuti akhale ndi tinyanga ta 50Ω komanso tinyanga tating'ono ta loop. Zanenedwa kuti zowunikira mphamvu za CMOS zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera ma switch omwe amawongolera kutulutsa kwa mlongoti kupita ku zokonzanso zosiyanasiyana ndi ma network ofananira kutengera mphamvu yomwe ilipo. Netiweki yofananira yosinthikanso yogwiritsa ntchito ma lumped tunable capacitor yaperekedwa, yomwe imasinthidwa ndikuwongolera bwino ndikuyesa kusokoneza kolowera pogwiritsa ntchito vector network analyzer. Mu ma netiweki ofananiranso a microstrip, masiwichi a transistor akumunda agwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha ma stubs kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe amagulu awiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za antennas, chonde pitani:
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-09-2024
