1. Chiyambi
Kukolola mphamvu ya ma radio frequency (RF) (RFEH) ndi kutumizira mphamvu ya ma radiative wireless (WPT) kwakopa chidwi chachikulu ngati njira zopezera ma network opanda ma batri okhazikika. Ma Rectenna ndi maziko a machitidwe a WPT ndi RFEH ndipo amakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya DC yomwe imaperekedwa ku katundu. Zinthu za antenna za rectenna zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito okolola, zomwe zimatha kusintha mphamvu yokolola ndi ma order angapo. Pepalali likuwunikanso mapangidwe a antenna omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu WPT ndi ntchito za RFEH. Ma rectenna omwe anenedwa amagawidwa malinga ndi zofunikira ziwiri zazikulu: bandwidth yokonzanso impedance ya antenna ndi mawonekedwe a radiation a antenna. Pa muyezo uliwonse, chiŵerengero cha merit (FoM) cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana chimatsimikiziridwa ndikuwunikidwa poyerekeza.
WPT idaperekedwa ndi Tesla kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ngati njira yotumizira mahatchi zikwizikwi. Mawu akuti rectenna, omwe amatanthauza antenna yolumikizidwa ku rectifier kuti ipeze mphamvu ya RF, adabuka m'ma 1950 pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya microwave komanso kupatsa mphamvu ma drones odziyimira pawokha. WPT yolunjika mbali zonse, yayitali imayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zakuthupi za chofalitsa (mpweya). Chifukwa chake, WPT yamalonda imangokhala yosamutsa mphamvu yapafupi ndi malo ozungulira kuti ipereke mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi kapena RFID.
Pamene mphamvu ya zida za semiconductor ndi ma sensor node opanda zingwe ikupitirira kuchepa, zimakhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ma sensor node amphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito ambient RFEH kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma transmitter otsika mphamvu omnidirectional. Makina amphamvu opanda zingwe amphamvu kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi RF acquisition front end, DC power and memory management, ndi microprocessor ndi transceiver yamphamvu yochepa.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka RFEH wireless node ndi ma RF front-end omwe amanenedwa kawirikawiri. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa makina amphamvu opanda zingwe komanso kapangidwe ka netiweki yolumikizirana ya chidziwitso ndi kusamutsa mphamvu kumadalira magwiridwe antchito a zigawo zosiyanasiyana, monga ma antenna, ma rectifier, ndi ma circuits oyang'anira mphamvu. Kafukufuku wochuluka wa mabuku wachitika m'magawo osiyanasiyana a makina. Gome 1 likufotokoza mwachidule gawo losinthira mphamvu, zigawo zofunika kwambiri pakusinthira mphamvu moyenera, ndi kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mabuku pa gawo lililonse. Mabuku aposachedwa akuyang'ana kwambiri ukadaulo wosinthira mphamvu, ma topology a rectifier, kapena RFEH yodziwa bwino za netiweki.
Chithunzi 1
Komabe, kapangidwe ka ma antenna sikuonedwa ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri mu RFEH. Ngakhale mabuku ena amaganizira za kuchuluka kwa ma antenna ndi magwiridwe antchito ake kuchokera pamalingaliro onse kapena kuchokera pamalingaliro enaake a kapangidwe ka ma antenna, monga ma antenna ang'onoang'ono kapena ovalidwa, momwe magawo ena a ma antenna amakhudzira kulandira mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito a ma antenna sikunasankhidwe mwatsatanetsatane.
Pepalali likuwunikanso njira zopangira ma antenna mu ma rectenna ndi cholinga chosiyanitsa zovuta za kapangidwe ka ma antenna a RFEH ndi WPT kuchokera ku kapangidwe ka ma antenna olumikizirana wamba. Ma antenna amayerekezeredwa kuchokera ku malingaliro awiri: kufanana kwa impedance kuyambira kumapeto mpaka kumapeto ndi mawonekedwe a radiation; nthawi iliyonse, FoM imadziwika ndikuwunikidwanso mu ma antenna apamwamba kwambiri (SoA).
2. Bandwidth ndi Matching: Ma Network Osakhala a 50Ω RF
Kuletsa kwa 50Ω ndi kuganizira koyambirira kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi mphamvu mu ntchito zaukadaulo wa microwave. Mu ma antenna, bandwidth ya impedance imafotokozedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa ma frequency komwe mphamvu yowonetsedwa ndi yochepera 10% (S11< − 10 dB). Popeza ma amplifiers a phokoso lotsika (LNAs), ma amplifiers amphamvu, ndi ma detector nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi machesi a 50Ω input impedance, gwero la 50Ω nthawi zambiri limatchulidwa.
Mu rectenna, kutulutsa kwa antenna kumalowetsedwa mwachindunji mu rectifier, ndipo kusalumikizana kwa diode kumayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa impedance yolowera, ndi gawo la capacitive likulamulira. Poganizira antenna ya 50Ω, vuto lalikulu ndikupanga netiweki yowonjezera ya RF kuti isinthe impedance yolowera kukhala impedance ya rectifier pafupipafupi ya chidwi ndikuyikonza kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu inayake. Pankhaniyi, bandwidth ya impedance yochokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto ikufunika kuti zitsimikizire kusintha kwa RF kupita ku DC kogwira mtima. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ma antenna amatha kukwaniritsa bandwidth yopanda malire kapena yotakata kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zozungulira kapena geometry yodziyimira payokha, bandwidth ya rectenna idzatsekedwa ndi netiweki yofananiza rectifier.
Ma topologies angapo a rectena aperekedwa kuti akwaniritse kukolola kwa single-band ndi multi-band kapena WPT mwa kuchepetsa kuwunikira ndikukulitsa kusamutsa mphamvu pakati pa antenna ndi rectifier. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka ma topologies a rectena omwe anenedwa, omwe ali m'magulu malinga ndi kapangidwe kawo kofananiza impedance. Gome 2 likuwonetsa zitsanzo za ma rectenas ogwira ntchito kwambiri poyerekeza ndi bandwidth yochokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto (pankhaniyi, FoM) ya gulu lililonse.
Chithunzi 2 Ma Rectenna topologies kuchokera ku lingaliro la bandwidth ndi impedance matching. (a) Single-band rectenna yokhala ndi antenna yokhazikika. (b) Multiband rectenna (yopangidwa ndi ma antenna angapo ogwirizana) yokhala ndi rectifier imodzi ndi netiweki yofananira pa band iliyonse. (c) Broadband rectenna yokhala ndi ma RF ports angapo ndi ma network osiyana ofananira pa band iliyonse. (d) Broadband rectenna yokhala ndi antenna ya broadband ndi netiweki yofananira ya broadband. (e) Single-band rectenna yokhala ndi antenna yaying'ono yamagetsi yolumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi rectifier. (f) Single-band, antenna yayikulu yamagetsi yokhala ndi impedance yovuta yolumikizana ndi rectifier. (g) Broadband rectenna yokhala ndi impedance yovuta yolumikizana ndi rectifier pa ma frequency osiyanasiyana.
Ngakhale WPT ndi RFEH yozungulira kuchokera ku chakudya chodzipereka ndi ntchito zosiyana za rectenna, kukwaniritsa kufanana pakati pa antenna, rectifier ndi load ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu (PCE) kuchokera ku bandwidth. Komabe, WPT rectennas imayang'ana kwambiri pakupeza kufanana kwapamwamba kwa zinthu (lower S11) kuti ikonze single-band PCE pamlingo wina wamagetsi (topology a, e ndi f). Bandwidth yayikulu ya single-band WPT imakulitsa chitetezo cha dongosolo ku detuning, zolakwika zopangira ndi ma parasitic packaging. Kumbali inayi, RFEH rectennas imayang'anira ntchito ya multi-band ndipo ndi ya topologies bd ndi g, chifukwa mphamvu ya spectral density (PSD) ya single band nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika.
3. Kapangidwe ka antenna yozungulira
1. Rectenna yafupipafupi imodzi
Kapangidwe ka antenna ya single-frequency rectenna (topology A) makamaka kumadalira kapangidwe ka antenna wamba, monga linear polarization (LP) kapena circular polarization (CP) radiating patch on the ground plane, dipole antenna ndi inverted F antenna. Differential band rectenna imachokera ku DC combination array yokonzedwa ndi ma antenna angapo kapena kuphatikiza kwa DC ndi RF kwa ma patch units angapo.
Popeza ma antenna ambiri omwe akuganiziridwa ndi ma antenna a single-frequency ndipo amakwaniritsa zofunikira za single-frequency WPT, pofunafuna environmental multi-frequency RFEH, ma antenna angapo a single-frequency amaphatikizidwa kukhala ma multi-band rectennas (topology B) ndi mutual coupling suppression ndi DC combination yodziyimira payokha pambuyo pa power management circuit kuti awalekanitse kwathunthu ndi RF acquisition and conversion circuit. Izi zimafuna ma circuit angapo a power management pa band iliyonse, zomwe zingachepetse kugwira ntchito bwino kwa boost converter chifukwa mphamvu ya DC ya single band ndi yochepa.
2. Ma antenna a RFEH okhala ndi ma band ambiri komanso a broadband
RFEH yachilengedwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupeza ma multi-band; chifukwa chake, njira zosiyanasiyana zaperekedwa kuti ziwongolere bandwidth ya mapangidwe a antenna wamba ndi njira zopangira ma dual-band kapena ma band antenna arrays. Mu gawo lino, tikuwunikanso mapangidwe a antenna apadera a ma RFEH, komanso ma multi-band antenna akale omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma rectenna.
Ma antenna a Coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole amakhala ndi malo ochepa kuposa ma antenna a microstrip patch pa frequency yomweyo ndipo amapanga mafunde a LP kapena CP, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma rectenna achilengedwe a broadband. Ma plane owunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera kudzipatula ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma radiation azikhala ofanana ndi ma patch antenna. Ma antenna a Slotted coplanar waveguide amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza ma bandwidth a impedance pama frequency band angapo, monga 1.8–2.7 GHz kapena 1–3 GHz. Ma antenna a Coupled-fed slot ndi ma patch antenna amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pamapangidwe a ma rectenna a multi-band. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa ma antenna ena omwe anenedwa kuti ali ndi ma multi-band omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zowongolera bandwidth.
Chithunzi 3
Kufananiza kwa Antenna-Rectifier Impedance
Kugwirizanitsa antenna ya 50Ω ndi rectifier yopanda mzere ndizovuta chifukwa kuponderezedwa kwake kumasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ma frequency. Mu ma topologies A ndi B (Chithunzi 2), netiweki yofananira yodziwika bwino ndi LC match pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolumikizidwa; komabe, bandwidth yofananira nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika kuposa magulu ambiri olumikizirana. Kufananiza kwa single-band stub kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ma microwave ndi ma millimeter-wave bands omwe ali pansi pa 6 GHz, ndipo ma millimeter-wave rectenna omwe anenedwa ali ndi bandwidth yopapatiza chifukwa bandwidth yawo ya PCE imalepheretsedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa harmonic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kwambiri pa ntchito za single-band WPT mu 24 GHz unlicensed band.
Ma rectenna mu ma topologies C ndi D ali ndi ma network ovuta kwambiri ofananira. Ma network ofananira mizere yogawidwa bwino aperekedwa kuti agwirizanitse broadband, ndi RF block/DC short circuit (pass filter) pa output port kapena DC blocking capacitor ngati njira yobwerera kwa ma diode harmonics. Zigawo zosinthira zitha kusinthidwa ndi ma printed circuit board (PCB) interdigitated capacitors, omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zoyendetsera zamagetsi. Ma network ena ofananira a broadband rectenna omwe amanenedwa amaphatikiza zinthu zolumikizidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi ma frequency otsika ndi zinthu zogawidwa kuti apange RF short pa input.
Kusintha kwa kulepheretsa kwa input komwe kumawonedwa ndi katundu kudzera mu gwero (lomwe limadziwika kuti njira yopezera mphamvu) kwagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chosinthira mawilo cha broadband chokhala ndi 57% relative bandwidth (1.25–2.25 GHz) ndi PCE yokwera ndi 10% poyerekeza ndi ma circuits olumikizidwa kapena ogawidwa. Ngakhale ma network ofanana nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi ma antenna pa bandwidth yonse ya 50Ω, pali malipoti m'mabuku pomwe ma antenna a broadband alumikizidwa ndi ma rectifier a narrowband.
Maukonde ofanana a hybrid lumped-element ndi distributed-element akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu topology C ndi D, ndipo ma inductor ndi ma capacitor otsatizana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi zimapewa mapangidwe ovuta monga ma capacitor ophatikizana, omwe amafunikira kupanga ndi kupanga kolondola kuposa mizere yokhazikika ya microstrip.
Mphamvu yolowera ku rectifier imakhudza impedance yolowera chifukwa cha kusalumikizana kwa diode. Chifukwa chake, rectenna idapangidwa kuti iwonjezere PCE pamlingo winawake wa mphamvu yolowera ndi impedance yonyamula katundu. Popeza ma diode makamaka amakhala ndi impedance yayikulu yolowera pamafupipafupi pansi pa 3 GHz, ma rectenna a broadband omwe amachotsa ma network ofanana kapena kuchepetsa ma circuits ofananira osavuta akhala akuyang'ana kwambiri ma frequency Prf>0 dBm ndi kupitirira 1 GHz, popeza ma diode ali ndi impedance yochepa yolowera ndipo amatha kufananizidwa bwino ndi antenna, motero kupewa kapangidwe ka ma antenna okhala ndi ma input reactances >1,000Ω.
Kufananiza kwa impedance yosinthika kapena yosinthika kwawonedwa mu ma rectenna a CMOS, komwe netiweki yofananira imakhala ndi mabanki a capacitor omwe ali pa chip ndi ma inductor. Ma netiweki ofananiza a CMOS osasunthika aperekedwanso pa ma antenna okhazikika a 50Ω komanso ma antenna opangidwa mogwirizana. Zanenedwa kuti ma passive CMOS power detectors amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera ma switch omwe amatsogolera kutulutsa kwa antenna ku ma rectifier osiyanasiyana ndi ma network ofanana kutengera mphamvu yomwe ilipo. Netiweki yofananiza yosinthika pogwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor osinthika a lumped yaperekedwa, yomwe imakonzedwa mwa kukonza bwino pamene ikuyesa impedance yolowera pogwiritsa ntchito vector network analyzer. Mu ma netiweki ofananiza a microstrip osinthika, ma switch a transistor a field effect agwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha ma stubs ofanana kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe a dual-band.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza ma antenna, chonde pitani ku:
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-09-2024
