Akatswiri a zamagetsi amadziwa kuti ma antenna amatumiza ndikulandira zizindikiro mu mawonekedwe a mafunde a mphamvu yamagetsi (EM) omwe amafotokozedwa ndi ma equation a Maxwell. Monga momwe zilili ndi mitu yambiri, ma equation awa, ndi kufalikira, zomwe ndi makhalidwe a electromagnetism, zitha kuphunziridwa pamlingo wosiyana, kuyambira mawu ofunikira mpaka ma equation ovuta.
Pali zinthu zambiri zokhudza kufalikira kwa mphamvu zamagetsi, chimodzi mwa izo ndi polarization, yomwe ingakhale ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana kapena nkhawa pa ntchito ndi mapangidwe a antenna awo. Mfundo zazikulu za polarization zimagwira ntchito pa ma radiation onse amagetsi, kuphatikizapo RF/wireless, mphamvu zamagetsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zamagetsi.
Kodi polarization ya antenna ndi chiyani?
Tisanamvetse za polarization, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira za mafunde a electromagnetic. Mafunde awa amapangidwa ndi magetsi (E fields) ndi maginito (H fields) ndipo amayenda mbali imodzi. Magawo a E ndi H ndi olunjika kwa wina ndi mnzake komanso ku mbali ya kufalikira kwa mafunde a ndege.
Polarization imatanthauza ndege ya E-field kuchokera pamalingaliro a chotumizira chizindikiro: pa polarization yopingasa, mphamvu yamagetsi idzayenda mbali mu ndege yopingasa, pomwe pa polarization yopingasa, mphamvu yamagetsi idzasinthasintha mmwamba ndi pansi mu ndege yopingasa. (Chithunzi 1).
Chithunzi 1: Mafunde a mphamvu ya maginito amapangidwa ndi zigawo za munda wa E ndi H zomwe zimazungulira mbali zonse ziwiri
Kugawa kwa mzere ndi kugawa kozungulira
Njira za polarization zikuphatikizapo izi:
Mu polarization yoyambira, ma polarization awiri omwe angakhalepo ndi ozungulira (opingasa) kwa wina ndi mnzake (Chithunzi 2). Mwachidule, antenna yolandira polarized horizontalized sidzawona chizindikiro kuchokera ku antenna yopingasa molunjika komanso mosemphanitsa, ngakhale zonse zitakhala kuti zikugwira ntchito pafupipafupi yomweyo. Zikakhala bwino, chizindikiro chochulukirapo chimagwidwa, ndipo kusamutsa mphamvu kumawonjezeka pamene ma polarizations akugwirizana.
Chithunzi 2: Linear polarization imapereka njira ziwiri za polarization pa ngodya zolondola.
Kugawa kwa ma antenna oblique ndi mtundu wa kugawa kwa ma antenna olunjika. Monga kugawa koyambira kopingasa ndi koyima, kugawa kumeneku kumangomveka bwino m'malo okhala padziko lapansi. Kugawa kwa ma antenna oblique kumakhala pa ngodya ya ± 45 madigiri ku malo ozungulira. Ngakhale kuti uwu ndi mtundu wina wa kugawa kwa ma antenna olunjika, mawu oti "linear" nthawi zambiri amangotanthauza ma antenna opingasa kapena opingasa.
Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zina zomwe zatayika, zizindikiro zomwe zimatumizidwa (kapena kulandiridwa) ndi antenna yopingasa zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi antenna yopingasa kapena yopingasa yokha. Ma antenna opingasa obisika ndi othandiza pamene polarization ya antenna imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri sizikudziwika kapena kusintha panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito.
Polarization yozungulira (CP) ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa polarization yolunjika. Munjira iyi, polarization yoyimiridwa ndi vector ya munda wa E imazungulira pamene chizindikiro chikufalikira. Ikazunguliridwa kumanja (kuyang'ana kuchokera ku transmitter), polarization yozungulira imatchedwa polarization yozungulira ya dzanja lamanja (RHCP); ikazunguliridwa kumanzere, polarization yozungulira ya dzanja lamanzere (LHCP) (Chithunzi 3)
Chithunzi 3: Mu polarization yozungulira, vector ya E field ya mafunde a electromagnetic imazungulira; kuzungulira kumeneku kungakhale kwa dzanja lamanja kapena lamanzere.
Chizindikiro cha CP chimakhala ndi mafunde awiri ozungulira omwe sali mu gawo. Zinthu zitatu zimafunika kuti pakhale chizindikiro cha CP. Munda wa E uyenera kukhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zozungulira; zigawo ziwirizi ziyenera kukhala madigiri 90 kunja kwa gawo ndipo zikhale zofanana mu amplitude. Njira yosavuta yopangira CP ndikugwiritsa ntchito antenna yozungulira.
Polarization ya Elliptical (EP) ndi mtundu wa CP. Mafunde ozungulira ndi kuchuluka komwe kumapangidwa ndi mafunde awiri ozungulira, monga mafunde a CP. Pamene mafunde awiri ozungulira ndi ozungulira omwe ali ndi ma amplitude osafanana aphatikizidwa, mafunde ozungulira ndi ozungulira amapangidwa.
Kusagwirizana kwa polarization pakati pa ma antenna kumafotokozedwa ndi polarization loss factor (PLF). Parameter iyi imafotokozedwa mu ma decibel (dB) ndipo ndi ntchito ya kusiyana kwa ngodya ya polarization pakati pa ma antenna otumizira ndi olandira. Mwachidziwitso, PLF imatha kuyambira 0 dB (palibe kutayika) kwa antenna yolumikizidwa bwino mpaka dB yopanda malire (kutayika kopanda malire) kwa antenna yolunjika bwino.
Komabe, zoona zake n'zakuti, kulinganiza (kapena kusalinganiza bwino) kwa polarization sikwabwino chifukwa malo a makina a antenna, khalidwe la ogwiritsa ntchito, kusokonezeka kwa njira, kuwunikira kwa multipath, ndi zochitika zina zingayambitse kusokonekera kwa angular kwa gawo lamagetsi lotumizidwa. Poyamba, padzakhala "kutuluka" kwa 10 - 30 dB kapena kuposerapo kwa chizindikiro kuchokera ku polarization ya orthogonal, komwe nthawi zina kungakhale kokwanira kusokoneza kubwezeretsa kwa chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, PLF yeniyeni ya ma antenna awiri ogwirizana omwe ali ndi polarization yoyenera ikhoza kukhala 10 dB, 20 dB, kapena kupitirira apo, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili, ndipo ingalepheretse kuchira kwa chizindikiro. Mwanjira ina, cross-polarization yosayembekezereka ndi PLF zitha kugwira ntchito mbali zonse ziwiri posokoneza chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna.
N’chifukwa chiyani muyenera kuganizira za polarization?
Polarization imagwira ntchito m'njira ziwiri: ma antenna awiri akalumikizana bwino komanso ali ndi polarization yofanana, mphamvu ya chizindikiro cholandiridwa imakhala yabwino kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusalinganika bwino kwa polarization kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa olandira, kaya cholinga kapena osakhutira, kuti agwire mokwanira chizindikiro chomwe akufuna. Nthawi zambiri, "njira" imasokoneza polarization yotumizidwa, kapena antenna imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri sizili mbali yokhazikika.
Kusankha polarization yoti mugwiritse ntchito nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukhazikitsa kapena momwe zinthu zilili mumlengalenga. Mwachitsanzo, antenna yopingasa imagwira ntchito bwino ndikusunga polarization yake ikayikidwa pafupi ndi denga; Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, antenna yopingasa imagwira ntchito bwino ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito ake polarization ikayikidwa pafupi ndi khoma lam'mbali.
Antena ya dipole yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (yopanda kanthu kapena yopindidwa) imagawidwa mopingasa mu "njira yake yachizolowezi" yoyikira (Chithunzi 4) ndipo nthawi zambiri imazunguliridwa madigiri 90 kuti igwirizane ndi kugawa molunjika pakafunika kapena kuthandizira njira yosankhidwa ya kugawa mozungulira (Chithunzi 5).
Chithunzi 4: Antena ya dipole nthawi zambiri imayikidwa mopingasa pa chitsulo chake kuti ipereke polarization yopingasa
Chithunzi 5: Pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kupoletsa koyima, antenna ya dipole ikhoza kuyikidwa moyenerera pomwe antenna imagwira
Kugawa kwa ma antenna a vertical polarization nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma radio am'manja ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyankha oyamba, chifukwa mapangidwe ambiri a ma antenna a radio omwe ali ndi polarized vertically amaperekanso mawonekedwe a radiation ozungulira. Chifukwa chake, ma antenna otere safunika kusinthidwa ngakhale kuti njira ya wailesi ndi ma antenna isintha.
Ma antenna a ma frequency a 3 - 30 MHz (HF) nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ngati mawaya aatali osavuta omwe amamangiriridwa pamodzi mopingasa pakati pa mabulaketi. Kutalika kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa mafunde (10 - 100 m). Mtundu uwu wa antenna umakhala wopingasa mwachilengedwe.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kutchula gululi kuti "ma frequency apamwamba" kunayamba zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, pomwe 30 MHz inali ma frequency apamwamba. Ngakhale kuti kufotokozera kumeneku tsopano kukuwoneka kuti kwatha, ndi dzina lovomerezeka ndi International Telecommunications Union ndipo likugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri.
Polarization yomwe imakonda kudziwika ingadziwike m'njira ziwiri: kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde apansi kuti azitha kuonetsa mawayilesi amphamvu afupiafupi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowulutsira pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la mafunde apakati a 300 kHz - 3 MHz (MW), kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde akumwamba patali kwambiri kudzera mu ionosphere Link. Kawirikawiri, ma antenna okhala ndi polarized vertically ali ndi kufalikira kwa mafunde apansi bwino, pomwe ma antenna okhala ndi polarized horizontally ali ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino a mafunde akumwamba.
Kuzungulira polarization kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ma satellite chifukwa mawonekedwe a satellite poyerekeza ndi malo oyambira pansi ndi ma satellite ena akusintha nthawi zonse. Kugwira ntchito bwino pakati pa ma antenna otumizira ndi olandira kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pamene onse awiri ali ozungulira polarized, koma ma antenna ozungulira polarized angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ma antenna a CP, ngakhale pali polarization loss factor.
Kugawa kwa ma antenna ndikofunikiranso pamakina a 5G. Ma antenna ena a 5G multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) amakwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa ma throughput pogwiritsa ntchito polarization kuti agwiritse ntchito bwino ma spectrum omwe alipo. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa ma signal polarizations osiyanasiyana ndi spatial multiplexing ya ma antenna (kusiyanasiyana kwa malo).
Dongosololi limatha kutumiza mitsinje iwiri ya data chifukwa mitsinje ya data imalumikizidwa ndi ma antenna odziyimira pawokha ozungulira ndipo imatha kubwezeretsedwanso pawokha. Ngakhale ngati pali kufalikira kwina chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa njira ndi njira, kuwunikira, kuchulukitsa, ndi zolakwika zina, wolandila amagwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms apamwamba kuti abwezeretse chizindikiro chilichonse choyambirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa zolakwika za bit (BER) komanso kuti spectrum Utilization ikhale yabwino.
Pomaliza
Polarization ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha antenna chomwe nthawi zambiri chimanyalanyazidwa. Polarization yolunjika (kuphatikiza yopingasa ndi yoyima), polarization yozungulira, polarization yozungulira ndi polarization yozungulira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a RF omwe antenna ingapeze kumadalira momwe imayendera komanso momwe imagwirizanirana. Ma antenna wamba ali ndi polarizations osiyanasiyana ndipo ndi oyenera magawo osiyanasiyana a spectrum, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti polarization ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zamalonda Zolimbikitsidwa:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Magawo | Zachizolowezi | Mayunitsi |
| Mafupipafupi | 20-30 | GHz |
| Phindu | 15 Mtundu. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Mtundu. | |
| Kugawanika | Zachiwiri Mzere | |
| Kupatukana kwa Cross Pol. | Mtundu wa 60. | dB |
| Kupatula Doko | Mtundu wa 70. | dB |
| Cholumikizira | SMA-Fmaimelo | |
| Zinthu Zofunika | Al | |
| Kumaliza | Utoto | |
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Chinthu | Kufotokozera | Chigawo |
| Mafupipafupi | 1-18 | GHz |
| Phindu | 10 Mtundu. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Mtundu. | |
| Kugawanika | Mzere | |
| Kupatukana kwa Cross Po. | Mtundu wa 30. | dB |
| Cholumikizira | SMA-Wachikazi | |
| Kumaliza | Payi | |
| Zinthu Zofunika | Al | |
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Magawo | Zachizolowezi | Mayunitsi |
| Mafupipafupi | 2-18 | GHz |
| Phindu | 15 Mtundu. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Mtundu. |
|
| Kugawanika | Zachiwiri Mzere |
|
| Kupatukana kwa Cross Pol. | 40 | dB |
| Kupatula Doko | 40 | dB |
| Cholumikizira | SMA-F |
|
| Chithandizo cha Pamwamba | Payi |
|
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.945 | kg |
| Zinthu Zofunika | Al |
|
| Kutentha kwa Ntchito | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Magawo | Zachizolowezi | Mayunitsi |
| Mafupipafupi | 93-95 | GHz |
| Phindu | Mtundu wa 22. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Mtundu. |
|
| Kugawanika | Zachiwiri Mzere |
|
| Kupatukana kwa Cross Pol. | Mtundu wa 60. | dB |
| Kupatula Doko | Mtundu wa 67. | dB |
| Cholumikizira | WR10 |
|
| Zinthu Zofunika | Cu |
|
| Kumaliza | Golide |
|
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.015 | kg |
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-11-2024
