Akatswiri a zamagetsi amadziwa kuti tinyanga timatumiza ndi kulandira zizindikiro monga mafunde a mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi (EM) yofotokozedwa ndi ma equation a Maxwell. Monga ndi mitu yambiri, ma equation awa, ndi kufalitsa, katundu wa electromagnetism, amatha kuphunziridwa pamiyeso yosiyana, kuchokera ku mawu abwino mpaka zovuta zovuta.
Pali zinthu zambiri pakufalitsa mphamvu yamagetsi, imodzi mwazomwe ndi polarization, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi kukhudzidwa kosiyanasiyana kapena kukhudzidwa pamagwiritsidwe ndi mapangidwe ake a tinyanga. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za polarization zimagwira ntchito pama radiation onse a electromagnetic, kuphatikiza RF/wireless, Optical energy, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi.
Kodi polarization ya antenna ndi chiyani?
Tisanamvetsetse polarization, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira zamafunde amagetsi. Mafundewa amapangidwa ndi minda yamagetsi (E minda) ndi maginito (H minda) ndikuyenda mbali imodzi. Minda ya E ndi H ndi yolunjika kwa wina ndi mnzake komanso komwe kumayendera mafunde a ndege.
Polarization imatanthawuza ndege ya E-field kuchokera pakuwona kwa transmitter ya chizindikiro: kwa polarization yopingasa, gawo lamagetsi lidzasunthira cham'mbali mu ndege yopingasa, pamene polarization yowongoka, gawo lamagetsi lidzagwedezeka mmwamba ndi pansi mu ndege yowongoka. chithunzi 1).
Chithunzi 1: Mafunde amagetsi amagetsi amakhala ndi magawo ofanana a E ndi H
Linear polarization ndi circular polarization
Mitundu ya polarization ikuphatikizapo:
Pachiyambi cha polarization, ma polarizations awiri omwe angakhalepo ndi orthogonal (perpendicular) wina ndi mzake (Chithunzi 2). M'malingaliro mwake, mlongoti wolandirira mopingasa "singawona" chizindikiro chochokera ku mlongoti woyima molunjika, ngakhale zonse zikugwira ntchito pafupipafupi. Zikalumikizidwa bwino, ndipamenenso siginecha imagwidwa, ndipo kusamutsa mphamvu kumakulitsidwa pamene polarizations ikugwirizana.
Chithunzi 2: Linear polarization imapereka njira ziwiri za polarization pamakona abwino kwa wina ndi mnzake
The oblique polarization ya tinyanga ndi mtundu wa polarization mzere. Monga polarization yoyambira yopingasa komanso yoyima, polarization iyi imamveka bwino m'malo apadziko lapansi. Polarization ya oblique ili pamakona a ± 45 madigiri kupita ku ndege yopingasa. Ngakhale iyi ndi njira ina chabe yolumikizira mizera, mawu oti "mizere" nthawi zambiri amangotanthauza tinyanga zopingasa kapena zopindika.
Ngakhale kutayika kwina, ma siginecha otumizidwa (kapena kulandiridwa) ndi mlongoti wa diagonal amatha kukhala ndi tinyanga zopingasa kapena zopindika. Tinyanga ta polarized obliquely polarized ndi zothandiza pamene polarization ya imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri sizikudziwika kapena kusintha pakagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Circular polarization (CP) ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa polarization ya mzere. Munjira iyi, polarization yomwe imayimiridwa ndi E field vector imazungulira pamene chizindikiro chikufalikira. Ikazunguliridwa kumanja (kuyang'ana kuchokera pa chotumizira), kupolarization kozungulira kumatchedwa dzanja lamanja lozungulira polarization (RHCP); pozungulira kumanzere, kumanzere kwa circular polarization (LHCP) (Chithunzi 3)
Chithunzi 3: Mu polarization yozungulira, E field vector ya electromagnetic wave imazungulira; kuzungulira uku kungakhale kudzanja lamanja kapena lamanzere
Chizindikiro cha CP chimakhala ndi mafunde awiri a orthogonal omwe ali kunja kwa gawo. Zinthu zitatu ndizofunikira kuti mupange chizindikiro cha CP. Munda wa E uyenera kukhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za orthogonal; zigawo ziwirizo ziyenera kukhala madigiri 90 kunja kwa gawo ndi ofanana mu matalikidwe. Njira yosavuta yopangira CP ndikugwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wa helical.
Elliptical polarization (EP) ndi mtundu wa CP. Mafunde a elliptically polarized ndi phindu lomwe limapangidwa ndi mafunde awiri ozungulira, monga mafunde a CP. Pamene mafunde awiri a perpendicular omwe ali ndi polarized polarized mafunde osafanana amaphatikizidwa, mafunde a elliptically polarized wave amapangidwa.
Kusagwirizana kwa polarization pakati pa tinyanga kumafotokozedwa ndi polarization loss factor (PLF). Izi zimafotokozedwa mu ma decibel (dB) ndipo ndi ntchito ya kusiyana kwa polarization angle pakati pa tinyanga zotumizira ndi kulandira. Mwachidziwitso, PLF imatha kuchoka ku 0 dB (palibe kutayika) kwa mlongoti wolumikizidwa bwino mpaka dB wopandamalire (kutayika kosatha) kwa mlongoti wa orthogonal wangwiro.
Zowona, komabe, kuyanjanitsa (kapena kusalongosoka) kwa polarization sikwabwino chifukwa momwe makina amagwirira ntchito, kachitidwe ka ogwiritsa ntchito, kupotoza kwa njira, mawonekedwe ochulukirachulukira, ndi zochitika zina zingayambitse kupotoza kozungulira kwa gawo lopatsirana lamagetsi. Poyambirira, padzakhala 10 - 30 dB kapena zambiri za chizindikiro chodutsa "kutayikira" kuchokera ku orthogonal polarization, zomwe nthawi zina zingakhale zokwanira kusokoneza kuchira kwa chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna.
Mosiyana ndi izi, PLF yeniyeni ya tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono tokhala ndi polarization yabwino ikhoza kukhala 10 dB, 20 dB, kapena kupitilira apo, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri, ndipo zitha kulepheretsa kuchira kwa ma sign. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuphatikizika kosayembekezereka ndi PLF kungagwire ntchito zonse ziwiri posokoneza chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya siginecha yomwe mukufuna.
Chifukwa chiyani mukusamala polarization?
Polarization imagwira ntchito m'njira ziwiri: ma antennas awiri omwe amalumikizana kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi polarization, mphamvu ya siginecha yolandilidwa imakhala yabwinoko. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusagwirizana bwino kwa polarization kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kwa olandira, omwe akufuna kapena osakhutira, kuti agwire mokwanira chizindikiro cha chidwi. Nthawi zambiri, "channel" imasokoneza polarization, kapena mlongoti umodzi kapena onse awiri sakhala molunjika.
Kusankha komwe polarization igwiritse ntchito nthawi zambiri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukhazikitsa kapena mumlengalenga. Mwachitsanzo, mlongoti wa polarized polarized udzachita bwino ndikusunga polarization yake ikayikidwa pafupi ndi denga; M'malo mwake, mlongoti woyimirira ukhoza kuchita bwino ndikusunga magwiridwe ake a polarization ikayikidwa pafupi ndi khoma lakumbali.
Mlongoti wa dipole (womveka kapena wopindika) womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (wosawoneka kapena wopindika) umakhazikika mozungulira mumayendedwe ake "wanthawi zonse" (Chithunzi 4) ndipo nthawi zambiri umazunguliridwa ndi madigiri 90 kuti atenge polarization yoyima ikafunika kapena kuthandizira njira yomwe amakonda (Chithunzi 5).
Chithunzi 4: Antenna ya dipole nthawi zambiri imayikidwa mopingasa pamtengo wake kuti ipereke polarization yopingasa.
Chithunzi 5: Pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira polarization yoyima, mlongoti wa dipole ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi momwe mlongoti umagwira.
Vertical polarization imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamawayilesi am'manja am'manja, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe amayankha koyamba, chifukwa mapangidwe ambiri a tinyanga tawayilesi omwe ali ndi polarized amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe a radiation omnidirectional. Choncho, tinyanga zoterezi siziyenera kukonzedwanso ngakhale njira ya wailesi ndi mlongoti ikusintha.
3 - 30 MHz high frequency (HF) ma frequency antennas nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ngati mawaya osavuta ataliatali olumikizana mopingasa pakati pa mabulaketi. Kutalika kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwake (10 - 100 m). Mtundu uwu wa mlongoti mwachibadwa umakhala ndi polarized.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kutchula gulu ili ngati "ma frequency apamwamba" kudayamba zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, pomwe 30 MHz inalidi ma frequency apamwamba. Ngakhale kuti malongosoledwewa tsopano akuwoneka ngati achikale, ndi dzina lovomerezeka ndi International Telecommunications Union ndipo akugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri.
Polarization yomwe mungakonde ingadziwike m'njira ziwiri: mwina kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde apansi kuti asayine zazitali zazifupi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowulutsira pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la 300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW), kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde akumwamba mtunda wautali kudzera pa ionosphere Link. Nthawi zambiri, tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi kufalikira kwa mafunde apansi, pomwe tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timachita bwino kwambiri.
Polarization yozungulira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ma satelayiti chifukwa momwe satellite imayendera pokhudzana ndi masiteshoni apansi ndi ma satellites ena akusintha mosalekeza. Kuchita bwino pakati pa kutumiza ndi kulandira tinyanga kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pamene zonse zili ndi polarized polarized, koma tinyanga ta polarized polarized tingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi CP tinyanga, ngakhale pali polarization loss factor.
Polarization ndiyofunikanso pamakina a 5G. Mitundu ina ya mlongoti ya 5G yolowetsa zambiri/zotulutsa zambiri (MIMO) imakwaniritsa kuchulukirachulukira pogwiritsa ntchito polarization kuti igwiritse ntchito bwino sipekitiramu yomwe ilipo. Izi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizika kwa ma polarizations osiyanasiyana ndi kuchulukitsa kwa malo kwa tinyanga (kusiyana kwa danga).
Dongosolo limatha kufalitsa mitsinje iwiri ya data chifukwa mitsinje ya data imalumikizidwa ndi tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono ta orthogonally polarized ndipo imatha kubwezedwa paokha. Ngakhale kuphatikizika kwina kulipo chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa njira ndi njira, zowunikira, kuchulukana, ndi zolakwika zina, wolandirayo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba kuti abwezeretse chizindikiro chilichonse choyambirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika zochepa (BER) ndipo pamapeto pake amathandizira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka sipekitiramu.
Pomaliza
Polarization ndi katundu wofunikira wa antenna omwe nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa. Linear (kuphatikiza yopingasa ndi ofukula) polarization, oblique polarization, circular polarization ndi elliptical polarization amagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kusiyanasiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito a RF kumapeto mpaka kumapeto komwe mlongoti ungafikire kumadalira momwe imayendera komanso momwe imayendera. Tinyanga zokhazikika zimakhala ndi ma polarizations osiyanasiyana ndipo ndizoyenera magawo osiyanasiyana a sipekitiramu, zomwe zimapatsa polarization yomwe imakonda pakugwiritsa ntchito chandamale.
Zofunika:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Ma parameters | Chitsanzo | Mayunitsi |
| Nthawi zambiri | 20-30 | GHz |
| Kupindula | 15 Mtundu. | dBi |
| Chithunzi cha VSWR | 1.3 Mtundu. | |
| Polarization | Zapawiri Linear | |
| Cross Pol. Kudzipatula | 60 mtundu. | dB |
| Port Isolation | 70 mtundu. | dB |
| Cholumikizira | SMA-Famale | |
| Zakuthupi | Al | |
| Kumaliza | Penta | |
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Kanthu | Kufotokozera | Chigawo |
| Nthawi zambiri | 1-18 | GHz |
| Kupindula | 10 Mtundu. | dBi |
| Chithunzi cha VSWR | 1.5 Mtundu. | |
| Polarization | Linear | |
| Cross Po. Kudzipatula | 30 Mtundu. | dB |
| Cholumikizira | SMA-Amayi | |
| Kumaliza | Payi | |
| Zakuthupi | Al | |
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Ma parameters | Chitsanzo | Mayunitsi |
| Nthawi zambiri | 2-18 | GHz |
| Kupindula | 15 Mtundu. | dBi |
| Chithunzi cha VSWR | 1.5 Mtundu. |
|
| Polarization | Zapawiri Linear |
|
| Cross Pol. Kudzipatula | 40 | dB |
| Port Isolation | 40 | dB |
| Cholumikizira | SMA-F |
|
| Chithandizo cha Pamwamba | Payi |
|
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.945 | kg |
| Zakuthupi | Al |
|
| Kutentha kwa Ntchito | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Ma parameters | Chitsanzo | Mayunitsi |
| Nthawi zambiri | 93-95 | GHz |
| Kupindula | 22 Mtundu. | dBi |
| Chithunzi cha VSWR | 1.3 Mtundu. |
|
| Polarization | Zapawiri Linear |
|
| Cross Pol. Kudzipatula | 60 mtundu. | dB |
| Port Isolation | 67 mtundu. | dB |
| Cholumikizira | WR10 |
|
| Zakuthupi | Cu |
|
| Kumaliza | Golide |
|
| Kukula(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Kulemera | 0.015 | kg |
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-11-2024
