1. Chiyambi cha Ma Antena
Antena ndi kapangidwe ka kusintha pakati pa malo omasuka ndi chingwe chotumizira, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1. Mzere wotumizira ukhoza kukhala ngati mzere wa coaxial kapena chubu chopanda kanthu (waveguide), chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza mphamvu yamagetsi kuchokera ku gwero kupita ku antena, kapena kuchokera ku antena kupita ku wolandila. Woyamba ndi antena yotumizira, ndipo womaliza ndi antena yolandira.
Chithunzi 1 Njira yotumizira mphamvu yamagetsi (malo opanda magwero a chingwe chotumizira maginito)
Kutumiza kwa dongosolo la antenna mu njira yotumizira ya Chithunzi 1 kukuimiridwa ndi Thevenin yofanana ndi yomwe yawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 2, komwe gwero likuimiridwa ndi jenereta yoyenera ya chizindikiro, mzere wotumizira ukuimiridwa ndi mzere wokhala ndi impedance ya Zc, ndipo antenna ikuimiridwa ndi katundu ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Kukana kwa katundu RL kukuyimira kutayika kwa conduction ndi dielectric komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka antenna, pomwe Rr ikuyimira kukana kwa radiation kwa antenna, ndipo reactance XA imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira gawo longopeka la impedance yolumikizidwa ndi radiation ya antenna. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino, mphamvu zonse zopangidwa ndi gwero la chizindikiro ziyenera kusamutsidwa ku resistance ya radiation Rr, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira mphamvu ya radiation ya antenna. Komabe, mu ntchito zenizeni, pali kutayika kwa conductor-dielectric chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mzere wotumizira ndi antenna, komanso kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwunikira (kusafanana) pakati pa mzere wotumizira ndi antenna. Poganizira za kulepheretsa kwamkati kwa gwero ndi kunyalanyaza kutayika kwa mzere wotumizira ndi kuwunikira (kusafanana), mphamvu yayikulu imaperekedwa ku antenna pansi pa kufananiza kwa conjugate.
Chithunzi 2
Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakati pa chingwe chotumizira mauthenga ndi antenna, mafunde owonetsedwa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe amayikidwa pamwamba pa mafunde ochitika kuchokera ku gwero kupita ku antenna kuti apange mafunde oyima, omwe amayimira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kusungirako ndipo ndi chipangizo chodziwika bwino cholumikizirana. Kapangidwe ka mafunde oyima akuwonetsedwa ndi mzere wokhala ndi madontho mu Chithunzi 2. Ngati dongosolo la antenna silinapangidwe bwino, mzere wotumizira mauthenga ukhoza kugwira ntchito ngati chinthu chosungira mphamvu kwambiri, osati ngati chida chowongolera mafunde ndi kutumizira mphamvu.
Kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chingwe chotumizira mauthenga, antenna ndi mafunde oyima sikoyenera. Kutayika kwa mzere kungachepe posankha mizere yotumizira mauthenga yotsika mtengo, pomwe kutayika kwa antenna kungachepe pochepetsa kukana kwa kutayika komwe kumaimiridwa ndi RL mu Chithunzi 2. Mafunde oyima angachepe ndipo kusungidwa kwa mphamvu mu mzere kungachepe pogwirizanitsa kukanikiza kwa antenna (katundu) ndi kukanikiza kwapadera kwa mzere.
Mu makina opanda zingwe, kuwonjezera pa kulandira kapena kutumiza mphamvu, ma antenna nthawi zambiri amafunika kuti awonjezere mphamvu yowala mbali zina ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yowala mbali zina. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa zida zodziwira, ma antenna ayeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zowongolera. Ma antenna amatha kukhala m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse zosowa zinazake. Ikhoza kukhala waya, malo otseguka, chigamba, gulu la zinthu (array), chowunikira, lenzi, ndi zina zotero.
Mu makina olumikizirana opanda zingwe, ma antenna ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe kabwino ka ma antenna kangachepetse zosowa za makina ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito a makina onse. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi wailesi yakanema, komwe kulandira mawayilesi kumatha kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma antenna ogwira ntchito kwambiri. Ma antenna ndi makina olumikizirana omwe maso ndi anthu.
2. Kugawa Ma Antena
1. Antena ya waya
Ma antenna a waya ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma antenna chifukwa amapezeka kulikonse - magalimoto, nyumba, sitima, ndege, zombo, ndi zina zotero. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma antenna a waya, monga mzere wowongoka (dipole), loop, spiral, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3. Ma antenna a loop samangofunika kukhala ozungulira. Amatha kukhala amakona anayi, a sikweya, oval kapena mawonekedwe ena aliwonse. Ma antenna ozungulira ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta.
Chithunzi 3
2. Ma Antena Otsegula
Ma antenna otseguka akugwira ntchito yaikulu chifukwa cha kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mitundu yovuta kwambiri ya ma antenna komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency apamwamba. Mitundu ina ya ma antenna otseguka (ma antenna a piramidi, ozungulira komanso amakona anayi) akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Mtundu uwu wa antenna ndi wothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito za ndege ndi zombo zamlengalenga chifukwa zimatha kuyikidwa mosavuta pa chipolopolo chakunja cha ndege kapena zombo zamlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kuphimbidwa ndi zinthu zamagetsi kuti zitetezedwe ku malo ovuta.
Chithunzi 4
3. Antena ya Microstrip
Ma antenna a microstrip adatchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1970, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito ma satellite. Ma antennawa amakhala ndi gawo la dielectric ndi chigamba chachitsulo. Chigamba chachitsulochi chingakhale ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo antenna ya rectangle patch yomwe yawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 5 ndiyo yodziwika kwambiri. Ma antenna a microstrip ali ndi mawonekedwe otsika, ndi oyenera malo ozungulira komanso osazungulira, ndi osavuta komanso otsika mtengo kupanga, ndi olimba kwambiri akayikidwa pamalo olimba, ndipo amagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a MMIC. Amatha kuyikidwa pamwamba pa ndege, zombo zamlengalenga, ma satellite, ma missile, magalimoto, komanso zida zam'manja ndipo amatha kupangidwa motsatira dongosolo.
Chithunzi 5
4. Antena Yozungulira
Makhalidwe a ma radiation omwe amafunidwa ndi ntchito zambiri sangakwaniritsidwe ndi chinthu chimodzi cha antenna. Ma antenna arrays amatha kupanga ma radiation ochokera kuzinthu zomwe zimapangidwa kuti apange ma radiation apamwamba kwambiri mbali imodzi kapena zingapo, chitsanzo chachitsanzo chikuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 6.
Chithunzi 6
5. Antena Yowunikira
Kupambana kwa kufufuza kwa mlengalenga kwapangitsanso kuti chiphunzitso cha antenna chikhale chofulumira. Chifukwa cha kufunika kwa kulumikizana kwakutali kwambiri, ma antenna okwera kwambiri ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza ndi kulandira zizindikiro kutali kwambiri. Mu ntchitoyi, mawonekedwe wamba a antenna ndi antenna yophiphiritsa yomwe yawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 7. Mtundu uwu wa antenna uli ndi mainchesi 305 kapena kuposerapo, ndipo kukula kwakukulu koteroko ndikofunikira kuti mupeze phindu lalikulu lofunikira kuti mutumize kapena kulandira zizindikiro kutali kwambiri. Mtundu wina wa chowunikira ndi chowunikira pakona, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 7 (c).
Chithunzi 7
6. Ma Antena a Lens
Magalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyendetsa mphamvu zobalalika kuti zisafalikire m'njira zosafunikira za ma radiation. Mwa kusintha moyenera mawonekedwe a lensi ndikusankha zinthu zoyenera, amatha kusintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu zosiyanasiyana kukhala mafunde a ndege. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'magwiritsidwe ambiri monga ma antenna a parabolic reflector, makamaka pama frequency apamwamba, ndipo kukula kwawo ndi kulemera kwawo kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pama frequency otsika. Ma antenna a lensi amagawidwa malinga ndi zida zawo zomangira kapena mawonekedwe a geometric, ena mwa iwo akuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 8.
Chithunzi 8
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza ma antenna, chonde pitani ku:
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-19-2024
