Nkhani - Kuyambitsa ndi kugawa kwa tinyanga tambiri

1. Chiyambi cha Tinyanga
Mlongoti ndi njira yosinthira pakati pa malo omasuka ndi chingwe chotumizira, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1. Mzere wotumizira ukhoza kukhala ngati mzere wa coaxial kapena chubu chopanda kanthu (waveguide), chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza mphamvu yamagetsi kuchokera ku gwero. kupita ku mlongoti, kapena kuchokera ku mlongoti kupita ku cholandira. Yoyamba ndi mlongoti wotumizira, ndipo yomaliza ndi mlongoti wolandira.

Chithunzi 1 Njira yotumizira mphamvu yamagetsi (malo opanda gwero-malo opanda zingwe)

Kutumiza kwa dongosolo la antenna mu njira yopatsirana ya Chithunzi 1 imayimiridwa ndi kufanana kwa Thevenin monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2, pomwe gwero likuimiridwa ndi jenereta yabwino ya chizindikiro, mzere wotumizira umayimiridwa ndi mzere wokhala ndi khalidwe la impedance Zc, ndi mlongoti umayimiridwa ndi katundu ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Kukana kwa katundu RL kumayimira kutayika kwa ma conduction ndi dielectric komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka mlongoti, pomwe Rr imayimira kukana kwa ma radiation a antenna, ndipo mawonekedwe a XA amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira gawo longoyerekeza la kutsekeka komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi radiation ya antenna. Pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino, mphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa ndi gwero lazizindikiro ziyenera kusamutsidwa ku radiation resistance Rr, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira mphamvu ya radiation ya mlongoti. Komabe, muzogwiritsira ntchito, pali zotayika za conductor-dielectric chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a chingwe chotumizira ndi mlongoti, komanso kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinkhasinkha (kusagwirizana) pakati pa chingwe chotumizira ndi mlongoti. Poganizira za kutsekeka kwamkati kwa gwero ndikunyalanyaza mzere wotumizira ndi kutayika (kusagwirizana) kutayika, mphamvu yayikulu imaperekedwa ku mlongoti pansi pa mafananidwe a conjugate.

Chithunzi 2

Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakati pa chingwe chotumizira ndi mlongoti, mafunde omwe amawonekera kuchokera pamawonekedwe amapangidwa pamwamba ndi mafunde a zochitika kuchokera ku gwero kupita ku mlongoti kuti apange mafunde oima, omwe amaimira kusungirako mphamvu ndi kusungirako ndipo ndi chipangizo chodziwika bwino. Mawonekedwe amtundu woyimirira akuwonetsedwa ndi mzere wa madontho mu Chithunzi 2. Ngati dongosolo la antenna silinapangidwe bwino, chingwe chotumizira chikhoza kukhala ngati chinthu chosungira mphamvu kwambiri, osati ngati chiwongolero cha mafunde ndi magetsi.
Zowonongeka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha chingwe chotumizira, mlongoti ndi mafunde oyimilira ndizosayenera. Kutayika kwa mzere kumatha kuchepetsedwa posankha mizere yochepetsera yotsika, pomwe kutayika kwa antenna kumatha kuchepetsedwa mwa kuchepetsa kukana kotayika komwe kumaimiridwa ndi RL mu Chithunzi 2. Mafunde oyimilira amatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo kusungirako mphamvu pamzere kumatha kuchepetsedwa pofananiza kusagwirizana kwa mlongoti (katundu) wokhala ndi vuto la mzere.
M'makina opanda zingwe, kuwonjezera pa kulandira kapena kutumiza mphamvu, tinyanga zimafunikanso kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zowulutsira mbali zina ndi kupondereza mphamvu zowunikira mbali zina. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa zida zowunikira, tinyanga ziyenera kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zowongolera. Tinyanga zimatha kukhala m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zenizeni. Itha kukhala waya, kabowo, chigamba, gulu lazinthu (zosanjikiza), chowunikira, lens, ndi zina zambiri.

M'makina olumikizirana opanda zingwe, tinyanga ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mapangidwe abwino a antenna amatha kuchepetsa zofunikira zamakina ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito onse. Chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi kanema wawayilesi, komwe kulandirira kowulutsa kumatha kupitsidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito tinyanga tambiri. Tinyanga ndi njira zolumikizirana zomwe maso alili kwa anthu.

2. Gulu la Antenna
1. Mlongoti Wawaya
Ma antennas a waya ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya tinyanga chifukwa amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse - magalimoto, nyumba, zombo, ndege, ndege, ndi zina zotero. monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3. Tinyanga zozungulira sizingofunika kukhala zozungulira. Atha kukhala amakona anayi, lalikulu, oval kapena mawonekedwe ena aliwonse. Mlongoti wozungulira ndi wofala kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osavuta.

Chithunzi 3

2. Tinyanga tabowo
Tinyanga za pobowo zikugwira ntchito yayikulu chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa mitundu yovuta ya tinyanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency apamwamba. Mitundu ina ya antennas otsegula (piramidi, conical ndi rectangular nyanga antennas) akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Mtundu uwu wa antenna ndi wothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito za ndege ndi zakuthambo chifukwa zimatha kuikidwa mosavuta pa chipolopolo chakunja cha ndege kapena ndege. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuphimbidwa ndi zida za dielectric kuti ziwateteze kumadera ovuta.

Chithunzi 4

3. Mlongoti wa Microstrip
Minyanga ya Microstrip inakhala yotchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1970, makamaka pa mapulogalamu a satellite. Mlongoti uli ndi gawo lapansi la dielectric ndi chigamba chachitsulo. Chigamba chachitsulo chikhoza kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo mlongoti wa rectangular wowonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 5 ndiwofala kwambiri. Ma antennas a Microstrip ali ndi mawonekedwe otsika, ndi oyenerera malo opangidwa ndi mapulaneti komanso osakonzekera, ndi osavuta komanso otsika mtengo kupanga, amakhala olimba kwambiri akamayikidwa pazitsulo zolimba, ndipo amagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a MMIC. Zitha kukwera pamwamba pa ndege, ndege, ma satelayiti, zoponya, magalimoto, ngakhale zida zam'manja ndipo zimatha kupangidwa molingana.

Chithunzi 5

4. Gulu la Mlongoti
Mawonekedwe a radiation omwe amafunidwa ndi ntchito zambiri sangathe kukwaniritsidwa ndi chinthu chimodzi cha mlongoti. Miyala ya antenna imatha kupanga ma radiation kuchokera kuzinthu zopangidwa kuti apange ma radiation ochulukirapo mbali imodzi kapena zingapo, chitsanzo chowonetsedwa pa chithunzi 6.

Chithunzi 6

5. Mlongoti Wowonetsera
Kupambana kwa kufufuza malo kwachititsanso kuti chiphunzitso cha antenna chikhale chofulumira. Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa kulumikizana kwakutali, tinyanga zolemera kwambiri ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza ndi kulandira ma siginali mtunda wa mamailosi mamiliyoni ambiri. Pakugwiritsa ntchito, mawonekedwe a mlongoti wamba ndi mlongoti wofananira womwe ukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 7. Mtundu uwu wa mlongoti uli ndi mainchesi a mamita 305 kapena kuposerapo, ndipo kukula kwakukulu koteroko ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse phindu lalikulu lofunika kutumiza kapena kulandira mauthenga mamiliyoni ambiri. kutali. Mtundu wina wonyezimira ndi chowonetsera pakona, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 7 (c).

Chithunzi 7

6. Tinyanga ta Lens
Magalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kugwirizanitsa mphamvu zomwazikana zomwe zachitika kuti zisafalikire komwe sikukufuna. Posintha moyenera ma geometry a mandala ndikusankha zinthu zoyenera, amatha kusintha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamphamvu kukhala mafunde apandege. Atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulogalamu ambiri ngati tinyanga ta parabolic reflector, makamaka pa ma frequency apamwamba, ndipo kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pama frequency otsika. Ma lens amagawidwa motengera zida zawo zomangira kapena mawonekedwe a geometric, ena mwa iwo akuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 8.