Ndi kutchuka kochulukira kwa zida zopanda zingwe, mautumiki a data alowa m'nthawi yatsopano yachitukuko chofulumira, chomwe chimatchedwanso kukula kwamphamvu kwa mautumiki a data. Pakalipano, mapulogalamu ambiri akusuntha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku makompyuta kupita ku zipangizo zopanda zingwe monga mafoni a m'manja omwe ndi osavuta kunyamula ndikugwira ntchito panthawi yeniyeni, koma izi zachititsanso kuti kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa deta komanso kusowa kwa bandwidth. . Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwa data pamsika kumatha kufika ku Gbps kapena Tbps pazaka 10 mpaka 15 zikubwerazi. Pakalipano, kuyankhulana kwa THz kwafika pa chiwerengero cha deta cha Gbps, pamene chiwerengero cha deta cha Tbps chikadali m'magawo oyambirira a chitukuko. Pepala logwirizana limalemba zomwe zachitika posachedwa mumitengo ya data ya Gbps kutengera gulu la THz ndikulosera kuti Tbps ikhoza kupezeka kudzera polarization multiplexing. Chifukwa chake, kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa data, njira yotheka ndikukhazikitsa gulu la pafupipafupi, lomwe ndi gulu la terahertz, lomwe lili mu "malo opanda kanthu" pakati pa ma microwave ndi kuwala kwa infrared. Pamsonkhano wa ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-19) mu 2019, ma frequency osiyanasiyana a 275-450GHz akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zokhazikika komanso zapamtunda. Zitha kuwoneka kuti njira zoyankhulirana zopanda zingwe za terahertz zakopa chidwi cha ofufuza ambiri.
Mafunde amagetsi a Terahertz nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati gulu la ma frequency a 0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) okhala ndi kutalika kwa 0.03-3 mm. Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEEE, mafunde a terahertz amatanthauzidwa ngati 0.3-10THz. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kuti gulu la frequency la terahertz lili pakati pa ma microwave ndi kuwala kwa infrared.
Chithunzi cha 1 Schematic chojambula cha THz frequency band.
Kukula kwa Antennas a Terahertz
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wa terahertz adayamba m'zaka za zana la 19, sanaphunziridwe ngati gawo lodziyimira pawokha panthawiyo. Kafukufuku wama radiation a terahertz adayang'ana kwambiri gulu lakutali la infrared. Sizinatheke mpaka chapakati mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 pomwe ofufuza adayamba kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wamamilimita ku gulu la terahertz ndikupanga kafukufuku wapadera waukadaulo wa terahertz.
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, kutuluka kwa magwero a radiation ya terahertz kunapangitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde a terahertz mu machitidwe othandiza kutheke. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 2100, umisiri wolumikizana ndi ma waya wakula mwachangu, ndipo kufuna kwa anthu chidziwitso ndi kuchuluka kwa zida zoyankhulirana zapereka zofunika kwambiri pamlingo wotumizira mauthenga. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazovuta zaukadaulo wolumikizana m'tsogolo ndikugwira ntchito pamlingo wapamwamba wa data wa gigabits pamphindi pa malo amodzi. Pansi pa chitukuko chachuma chamakono, zipangizo zamakono zakhala zikuchepa kwambiri. Komabe, zofunika za anthu kuti athe kulankhulana ndi liwiro ndi zosatha. Pavuto la kuchulukana kwamagulu, makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Multi-Input Multioutput (MIMO) kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito komanso mphamvu zamakina kudzera pakuchulukitsa kwapamalo. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa maukonde a 5G, liwiro la kulumikizana kwa data la wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense lidzapitilira Gbps, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma data pamasiteshoni oyambira kudzawonjezekanso kwambiri. Kwa machitidwe achikhalidwe a millimeter wave communication, maulalo a microwave sangathe kuthana ndi mitsinje yayikuluyi. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha chikoka cha mzere wa maso, mtunda wotumizira mauthenga a infrared ndi waufupi ndipo malo a zipangizo zake zoyankhulirana amakhazikika. Choncho, mafunde a THz, omwe ali pakati pa ma microwaves ndi infrared, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga njira zoyankhulirana zothamanga kwambiri ndikuwonjezera maulendo otumizira deta pogwiritsa ntchito maulalo a THz.
Mafunde a Terahertz atha kupereka njira yolumikizirana yotakata, ndipo ma frequency ake amakhala pafupifupi nthawi 1000 kuposa momwe amalumikizirana ndi mafoni. Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito THz kupanga njira zoyankhulirana zopanda zingwe zothamanga kwambiri ndi njira yabwino yothetsera vuto la chiwerengero cha deta, chomwe chakopa chidwi cha magulu ambiri ofufuza ndi mafakitale. Mu Seputembala 2017, njira yoyamba yolumikizirana opanda zingwe ya THz IEEE 802.15.3d-2017 idatulutsidwa, yomwe imatanthawuza kusinthana kwa data pamlingo wapansi wa THz pafupipafupi wa 252-325 GHz. The alternative physical layer (PHY) ya ulalo imatha kufikira ma data mpaka 100 Gbps pama bandwidths osiyanasiyana.
Njira yoyamba yolankhulirana ya THz yopambana ya 0.12 THz idakhazikitsidwa mu 2004, ndipo njira yolumikizirana ya THz ya 0.3 THz idakwaniritsidwa mu 2013. Gulu 1 limatchula momwe kafukufukuyu akuyendera ku Japan kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2013.
Table 1 Kafukufuku wa njira zoyankhulirana za terahertz ku Japan kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2013
Mapangidwe a antenna a njira yolankhulirana yopangidwa mu 2004 adafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi Nippon Telegraph ndi Telephone Corporation (NTT) ku 2005. Kukonzekera kwa antenna kunayambitsidwa muzochitika ziwiri, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2.
Chithunzi 2 Schematic diagram ya Japan's NTT 120 GHz wireless communication system
Dongosolo limaphatikiza kutembenuka kwazithunzi ndi mlongoti ndikutengera njira ziwiri zogwirira ntchito:
1. M'malo oyandikana nawo m'nyumba, makina opangira ma planar antenna omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ali ndi chip chamtundu umodzi wa photodiode (UTC-PD), planar slot antenna ndi silicon lens, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2 (a).
2. M'malo otalikirapo akunja, kuti apititse patsogolo chikoka cha kutayika kwakukulu kwa kufalikira komanso kutsika kwa detector, mlongoti wa transmitter uyenera kukhala ndi phindu lalikulu. Mlongoti wa terahertz womwe ulipo umagwiritsa ntchito lens ya Gaussian Optical ndi phindu loposa 50 dBi. Kuphatikizika kwa nyanga ya chakudya ndi dielectric lens kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2 (b).
Kuwonjezera pa kupanga njira yolankhulirana ya 0.12 THz, NTT inapanganso njira yolankhulirana ya 0.3THz mu 2012. Kupyolera mu kukhathamiritsa kosalekeza, mlingo wotumizira ukhoza kukhala wochuluka kwambiri mpaka 100Gbps. Monga tikuwonera mu Table 1, zathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa kulumikizana kwa terahertz. Komabe, ntchito yofufuza yomwe ilipo tsopano ili ndi zovuta zanthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito, kukula kwakukulu komanso mtengo wokwera.
Ma terahertz ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amasinthidwa kuchokera ku millimeter wave antennas, ndipo pali zatsopano zochepa mu tinyanga ta terahertz. Chifukwa chake, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a machitidwe olumikizirana a terahertz, ntchito yofunika ndikuwongolera tinyanga ta terahertz. Gulu 2 likuwonetsa momwe kafukufuku akuyendera ku Germany THz kulumikizana. Chithunzi 3 (a) chikuwonetsa woyimilira THz njira yolumikizirana opanda zingwe yophatikiza ma photonics ndi zamagetsi. Chithunzi 3 (b) chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe oyesera ngalande yamphepo. Potengera momwe kafukufukuyu akuchitikira ku Germany, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chake zilinso ndi zovuta monga kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono, kukwera mtengo komanso kutsika kwachangu.
Table 2 Kukula kwa kafukufuku wa kulumikizana kwa THz ku Germany
Chithunzi 3 Kuyesa kwa Wind tunnel
CSIRO ICT Center yayambitsanso kafukufuku wamakina olumikizirana opanda zingwe a THz m'nyumba. Malowa adaphunzira za ubale pakati pa chaka ndi maulendo oyankhulana, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4. Monga momwe tawonera pa Chithunzi 4, ndi 2020, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mauthenga opanda zingwe amayendera gulu la THz. Kulankhulana pafupipafupi pogwiritsa ntchito ma radio sipekitiramu kumawonjezeka pafupifupi kakhumi pazaka makumi awiri zilizonse. Malowa apereka malingaliro pazofunikira za tinyanga za THz komanso tinyanga tating'ono tachikhalidwe monga nyanga ndi magalasi pamakina olumikizirana a THz. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5, tinyanga ziwiri za nyanga zimagwira ntchito pa 0.84THz ndi 1.7THz motsatira, ndi dongosolo losavuta komanso ntchito yabwino ya mtengo wa Gaussian.
Chithunzi 4 Ubale pakati pa chaka ndi pafupipafupi
RM-BDHA818-20A
RM-DCPHA105145-20
Chithunzi 5 Mitundu iwiri ya tinyanga ta nyanga
United States yachita kafukufuku wambiri pakutulutsa ndi kuzindikira mafunde a terahertz. Ma laboratories odziwika bwino a terahertz akuphatikiza Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), US National Laboratory (LLNL), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Science Foundation (NSF), etc. Tinyanga tatsopano ta terahertz togwiritsa ntchito terahertz tapangidwa, monga tinyanga ta bowtie ndi tinyanga zowongolera ma frequency. Malinga ndi kakulidwe ka tinyanga ta terahertz, titha kupeza malingaliro atatu oyambira a tinyanga ta terahertz pakadali pano, monga tawonera pa Chithunzi 6.
Chithunzi 6 Malingaliro atatu oyambira opangira tinyanga ta terahertz
Kusanthula pamwambapa kukuwonetsa kuti ngakhale maiko ambiri adasamalira kwambiri tinyanga ta terahertz, akadali pagawo loyambira lofufuza ndi chitukuko. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwakukulu komanso kuyamwa kwa mamolekyulu, tinyanga ta THz nthawi zambiri zimakhala zocheperako pakufalikira komanso kufalikira. Kafukufuku wina amayang'ana pafupipafupi magwiridwe antchito amtundu wa THz. Kafukufuku yemwe alipo wa terahertz antenna makamaka amayang'ana kwambiri pakukweza phindu pogwiritsa ntchito tinyanga ta dielectric lens, ndi zina zambiri, ndikuwongolera kulumikizana bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, momwe mungasinthire magwiridwe antchito a ma terahertz antenna ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri.
General THz tinyanga
Pali mitundu yambiri ya tinyanga za THz zomwe zilipo: tinyanga ta dipole zokhala ndi ma conical cavities, zowonetsera pamakona, tinyanga ta bowtie, tinyanga ta dielectric lens planar, tinyanga ta photoconductive popanga magwero a radiation ya THz, tinyanga ta nyanga, tinyanga ta THz kutengera zida za graphene, ndi zina zambiri. zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tinyanga ta THz, zitha kukhala pafupifupi ogawika mu tinyanga tachitsulo (makamaka tinyanga ta nyanga), tinyanga ta dielectric (tinyanga ta mandala), ndi tinyanga tatsopano ta zinthu. Gawoli limapereka kuwunika koyambirira kwa tinyangazi, kenako mgawo lotsatira, tinyanga zisanu zamtundu wa THz zimayambitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane ndikuwunikidwa mozama.
1. Tinyanga zachitsulo
Nyanga ya nyanga ndi mlongoti wachitsulo womwe umapangidwa kuti uzigwira ntchito mu gulu la THz. Mlongoti wa classic millimeter wave receiver ndi nyanga ya conical. Tinyanga zokhala ndi malata ndi apawiri zili ndi zabwino zambiri, kuphatikiza ma radiation ofananirako, kupindula kwakukulu kwa 20 mpaka 30 dBi ndi kutsika kwapakatikati kwa -30 dB, komanso kulumikizana bwino kwa 97% mpaka 98%. Ma bandwidth omwe alipo a nyanga ziwiri za nyanga ndi 30% -40% ndi 6% -8%, motsatana.
Popeza mafunde a terahertz ndi okwera kwambiri, kukula kwa mlongoti wa nyanga kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyangayi ikhale yovuta kwambiri, makamaka pakupanga mapangidwe a antenna, ndipo zovuta za teknoloji yopangira zitsulo zimabweretsa ndalama zambiri komanso ndalama zambiri. kupanga kochepa. Chifukwa cha zovuta kupanga pansi pa mapangidwe ovuta a nyanga, mlongoti wosavuta wa nyanga mu mawonekedwe a nyanga ya conical kapena conical nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zingathe kuchepetsa mtengo ndi ndondomeko zovuta, ndipo ma radiation a antenna amatha kusungidwa. chabwino.
Mlongoti wina wachitsulo ndi mlongoti wa piramidi woyendayenda, womwe umakhala ndi mlongoti woyendayenda womwe umaphatikizidwa pa filimu ya dielectric ya micron 1.2 ndipo umayimitsidwa mumtunda wautali wokhazikika pa silicon wafer, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 7. Mlongoti uwu ndi mawonekedwe otseguka omwe ali yogwirizana ndi Schottky diode. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osavuta komanso zofunikira zochepa zopangira, imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pama bandi apamwamba kuposa 0.6 THz. Komabe, mulingo wa sidelobe ndi mulingo wa polarization wa mlongoti ndi wapamwamba, mwina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake otseguka. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwake ndikotsika kwambiri (pafupifupi 50%).
Chithunzi 7 Mlongoti wa piramidi woyendayenda
2. Dielectric mlongoti
Mlongoti wa dielectric ndi kuphatikiza gawo lapansi la dielectric ndi radiator ya mlongoti. Kupyolera mukupanga koyenera, mlongoti wa dielectric ukhoza kukwaniritsa zofananira ndi chowunikira, ndipo uli ndi ubwino wa njira yosavuta, kuphatikiza kosavuta, komanso mtengo wotsika. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ochita kafukufuku apanga tinyanga tambiri tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito mbali zingapo tomwe timatha kufananiza ndi zodziwikiratu za terahertz dielectric antennas: butterfly antenna, double shape U-shaped antenna, log-periodic antenna, and log-periodic sinusoidal antenna, monga kuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 8. Kuphatikiza apo, ma geometries a antenna ovuta amatha kupangidwa kudzera mu majini ma aligorivimu.
Chithunzi 8 Mitundu inayi ya tinyanga ta planar
Komabe, popeza mlongoti wa dielectric umaphatikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi la dielectric, mawonekedwe a mafunde amadzimadzi amachitika pamene ma frequency amayendera gulu la THz. Kuwonongeka koopsa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti mlongoti kutaya mphamvu zambiri pakugwira ntchito ndikuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya radiation ya mlongoti. Monga momwe chithunzi 9 chikusonyezera, pamene ngodya ya ma radiation ya mlongoti ndi yaikulu kuposa mbali ya cutoff, mphamvu zake zimakhala mu dielectric substrate ndikuphatikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi.
Chithunzi 9 Antenna surface wave effect
Pamene makulidwe a gawo lapansi akuwonjezeka, chiwerengero cha machitidwe apamwamba chimawonjezeka, ndipo kugwirizana pakati pa mlongoti ndi gawo lapansi kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke. Pofuna kufooketsa mphamvu ya mafunde apamtunda, pali njira zitatu zowonjezera:
1) Kwezani mandala pa mlongoti kuti muwonjezere phindu pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mafunde amagetsi.
2) Chepetsani makulidwe a gawo lapansi kuti muchepetse kubadwa kwa mafunde apamwamba amagetsi.
3) Bwezerani gawo la gawo lapansi la dielectric ndi electromagnetic band gap (EBG). Makhalidwe osefa apakati a EBG amatha kupondereza mitundu yamadongosolo apamwamba.
3. Tinyanga zakuthupi zatsopano
Kuphatikiza pa tinyanga ziwirizi, palinso mlongoti wa terahertz wopangidwa ndi zida zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2006, Jin Hao et al. adapanga mlongoti wa carbon nanotube dipole. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 10 (a), dipole amapangidwa ndi carbon nanotubes m'malo mwa zipangizo zachitsulo. Anaphunzira mozama za infuraredi ndi kuwala kwa mlongoti wa carbon nanotube dipole antenna ndikukambirana za mawonekedwe atali-talitali wa carbon nanotube dipole antenna, monga kulowererapo, kugawa kwapano, kupindula, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso mawonekedwe a radiation. Chithunzi 10 (b) chikuwonetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kulowetsedwa kolowera ndi ma frequency a carbon nanotube dipole antenna. Monga tikuwonera Chithunzi 10(b), gawo lolingaliridwa la kulowetsedwako limakhala ndi ziro zingapo pama frequency apamwamba. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti tinyanga tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono timakhala ndi ma frequency osiyanasiyana. Mwachiwonekere, mlongoti wa carbon nanotube umasonyeza kumveka mkati mwa ma frequency angapo (kutsika kwa THz mafupipafupi), koma sikungathe kumveka kunja kwamtunduwu.
Chithunzi 10 (a) Kaboni nanotube dipole mlongoti. (b) Lowetsani mayendedwe opindika
Mu 2012, Samir F. Mahmoud ndi Ayed R. AlAjmi anakonza ndondomeko yatsopano ya tinyanga ta terahertz yochokera ku carbon nanotubes, yomwe imakhala ndi mtolo wa carbon nanotubes wokutidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za dielectric. Dielectric wosanjikiza wamkati ndi wosanjikiza wa thovu la dielectric, ndipo wakunja wa dielectric ndi wosanjikiza wa metamaterial. Mapangidwe enieni akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 11. Kupyolera mu kuyesa, machitidwe a ma radiation a antenna akhala akuyenda bwino poyerekeza ndi ma carbon nanotubes okhala ndi khoma limodzi.
Chithunzi 11 Mlongoti watsopano wa terahertz wozikidwa pa carbon nanotubes
Tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono ta terahertz tafotokozera pamwambapa timakhala ndi mbali zitatu. Pofuna kukonza bandwidth ya mlongoti ndikupanga tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, tinyanga ta planar graphene talandira chidwi chofala. Graphene ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri owongolera mosalekeza ndipo imatha kupanga madzi a m'magazi posintha ma voltage a kukondera. Madzi a m'madzi a m'madzi amapezeka pamawonekedwe apakati pa magawo abwino a dielectric (monga Si, SiO2, etc.) ndi ma dielectric osasintha (monga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, graphene, etc.). Pali ma "electrons aulere" ambiri mwa ma conductor monga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi graphene. Ma elekitironi aulerewa amatchedwanso plasmas. Chifukwa cha gawo lomwe lingakhalepo mu kondakitala, ma plasmawa ali m'malo okhazikika ndipo sasokonezedwa ndi dziko lakunja. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ikaphatikizidwa ndi ma plasma awa, ma plasma amachoka pamalo okhazikika ndikunjenjemera. Pambuyo pa kutembenuka, mawonekedwe a electromagnetic amapanga mawonekedwe ozungulira maginito pa mawonekedwe. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa ubale wobalalika wa zitsulo zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi mtundu wa Drude, zitsulo sizingagwirizane mwachilengedwe ndi mafunde amagetsi pamalo aulere ndikusintha mphamvu. Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina kuti musangalatse mafunde a plasma. Mafunde a plasma pamwamba amawola mwachangu motsatana ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo-gawo. Pamene woyendetsa zitsulo akuyenda molunjika pamwamba, khungu limakhala ndi zotsatira. Mwachiwonekere, chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa mlongoti, pali zotsatira za khungu mu gulu lapamwamba lafupipafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ya mlongoti ikhale yotsika kwambiri ndipo sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira za terahertz. Madzi a m'magazi a graphene samangokhala ndi mphamvu zomangira zapamwamba komanso kutayika kochepa, komanso amathandizira kukonza kwamagetsi kosalekeza. Kuphatikiza apo, graphene ili ndi madulidwe ovuta mu gulu la terahertz. Chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwapang'onopang'ono kumayenderana ndi mawonekedwe a plasma pama frequency a terahertz. Izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa graphene m'malo mwa zitsulo mu gulu la terahertz.
Kutengera khalidwe la polarization ya graphene pamwamba plasmons, Chithunzi 12 chikusonyeza mtundu watsopano wa tinyanga mlongoti, ndipo akufuna gulu mawonekedwe a kakulidwe makhalidwe a plasma mafunde mu graphene. Mapangidwe a band yosinthika ya antenna amapereka njira yatsopano yophunzirira momwe amafalitsira ma terahertz antennas atsopano.
Chithunzi 12 Mlongoti Watsopano
Kuphatikiza pakuwunika zinthu zatsopano za mlongoti wa terahertz, tinyanga ta graphene nanopatch terahertz zithanso kupangidwa ngati masanjidwe kuti apange makina olumikizirana a terahertz otulutsa mitundu ingapo. Mapangidwe a antenna akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 13. Malingana ndi zinthu zapadera za graphene nanopatch antennas, zinthu za mlongoti zimakhala ndi miyeso ya micron-scale. Chemical nthunzi mafunsidwe mwachindunji synthesizes osiyana graphene zithunzi pa woonda faifi tambala wosanjikiza nasamutsa iwo ku gawo lililonse. Posankha zigawo zoyenerera ndikusintha mphamvu ya electrostatic bias voltage, mayendedwe a radiation amatha kusinthidwa bwino, ndikupangitsa kuti dongosololi likhazikikenso.
Chithunzi 13 Gulu la mlongoti wa Graphene nanopatch terahertz
Kufufuza kwa zinthu zatsopano ndi njira yatsopano. Kupanga zinthu zatsopano kukuyembekezeka kudutsa malire a tinyanga zachikhalidwe ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'ono ting'onoting'ono kuti tisinthe. zipangizo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa njira zamakono. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kupanga tinyanga ta terahertz kumafuna zida zatsopano, ukadaulo wowongolera bwino komanso kapangidwe kazinthu zatsopano kuti zikwaniritse phindu lalikulu, zotsika mtengo komanso zofunikira za bandwidth za terahertz.
Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za mitundu itatu ya tinyanga ta terahertz: tinyanga tachitsulo, tinyanga ta dielectric ndi tinyanga tatsopano tating'ono, ndikuwunika kusiyana kwawo ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwake.
1. Mlongoti wachitsulo: Ma geometry ndi osavuta, osavuta kukonza, otsika mtengo, komanso zofunikira zochepa pazida zam'munsi. Komabe, tinyanga tachitsulo timagwiritsa ntchito njira yamakina kuti isinthe malo a mlongoti, omwe amakhala olakwika. Ngati kusintha sikuli kolondola, ntchito ya antenna idzachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ngakhale mlongoti wachitsulo ndi wawung'ono mu kukula, ndizovuta kusonkhanitsa ndi planar circuit.
2. Mlongoti wa dielectric: Mlongoti wa dielectric uli ndi cholepheretsa cholowera chochepa, ndi chosavuta kugwirizanitsa ndi chojambulira chochepa cha impedance, ndipo ndi chosavuta kugwirizanitsa ndi dera lozungulira. Maonekedwe a geometric a tinyanga ta dielectric amaphatikiza mawonekedwe agulugufe, mawonekedwe a U kawiri, mawonekedwe wamba a logarithmic ndi logarithmic periodic sine mawonekedwe. Komabe, ma dielectric antennas alinso ndi cholakwika chakupha, chomwe ndi mawonekedwe amadzimadzi obwera chifukwa cha gawo lapansi. Yankho lake ndikukweza mandala ndikusintha gawo lapansi la dielectric ndi kapangidwe ka EBG. Mayankho onsewa amafunikira luso komanso kuwongolera kosalekeza kwaukadaulo wamakina ndi zida, koma magwiridwe ake abwino kwambiri (monga omnidirectionality ndi kupondereza kwa mafunde apansi) atha kupereka malingaliro atsopano pakufufuza kwa tinyanga ta terahertz.
3. Tinyanga tatsopano tating'ono: Pakali pano, tinyanga tatsopano ta dipole zopangidwa ndi carbon nanotubes ndi tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono topangidwa ndi metamatadium tawonekera. Zida zatsopano zimatha kubweretsa zopambana zatsopano, koma maziko ake ndi kupangidwa kwa sayansi yazinthu. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wa tinyanga tatsopano akadali m'gawo lofufuzira, ndipo matekinoloje ambiri ofunikira sanakhwime mokwanira.
Mwachidule, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tinyanga ta terahertz imatha kusankhidwa malinga ndi kapangidwe kake:
1) Ngati mapangidwe osavuta komanso mtengo wotsika wopanga amafunika, tinyanga tachitsulo tingathe kusankhidwa.
2) Ngati kuphatikizika kwakukulu ndi kuperewera kwapang'onopang'ono kumafunikira, tinyanga ta dielectric zitha kusankhidwa.
3) Ngati kuchita bwino kumafunika, tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono tingasankhidwe.
Mapangidwe apamwambawa angathenso kusinthidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu iwiri ya tinyanga imatha kuphatikizidwa kuti ipindule kwambiri, koma njira yolumikizirana ndi ukadaulo wopanga zimayenera kukwaniritsa zofunika kwambiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za antennas, chonde pitani:
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-02-2024
