Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa zipangizo zopanda zingwe, mautumiki a deta alowa munthawi yatsopano ya chitukuko chofulumira, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti kukula kwakukulu kwa mautumiki a deta. Pakadali pano, mapulogalamu ambiri akusamuka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku makompyuta kupita ku zipangizo zopanda zingwe monga mafoni am'manja omwe ndi osavuta kunyamula ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yeniyeni, koma izi zapangitsanso kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa kuchuluka kwa deta komanso kusowa kwa zida za bandwidth. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwa deta pamsika kungafike pa Gbps kapena Tbps m'zaka 10 mpaka 15 zikubwerazi. Pakadali pano, kulumikizana kwa THz kwafika pa Gbps data rate, pomwe kuchuluka kwa deta ya Tbps kukadali koyambirira kwa chitukuko. Pepala lofananira limalemba kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa mitengo ya data ya Gbps kutengera gulu la THz ndipo likuneneratu kuti Tbps ingapezeke kudzera mu polarization multiplexing. Chifukwa chake, kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa kutumiza deta, yankho lotheka ndikupanga gulu latsopano la pafupipafupi, lomwe ndi gulu la terahertz, lomwe lili "m'dera lopanda kanthu" pakati pa ma microwave ndi kuwala kwa infrared. Pa Msonkhano wa ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-19) mu 2019, ma frequency a 275-450GHz agwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zokhazikika komanso zapamtunda. Zikuoneka kuti machitidwe olumikizirana opanda zingwe a terahertz akoka chidwi cha ofufuza ambiri.
Mafunde a Terahertz electromagnetic nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati gulu la ma frequency la 0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kwa 0.03-3 mm. Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEEE, mafunde a terahertz amatanthauzidwa ngati 0.3-10THz. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kuti gulu la ma frequency la terahertz lili pakati pa ma microwave ndi kuwala kwa infrared.
Chithunzi 1 Chithunzi cha THz frequency band.
Kukula kwa Ma Antena a Terahertz
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wa terahertz unayamba m'zaka za m'ma 1800, sunaphunziridwe ngati gawo lodziyimira pawokha panthawiyo. Kafukufuku wa radiation ya terahertz anali makamaka pa gulu la infrared lakutali. Ofufuza anayamba kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wa mafunde a millimeter ku gulu la terahertz ndikuchita kafukufuku wapadera waukadaulo wa terahertz.
Mu zaka za m'ma 1980, kubuka kwa magwero a ma radiation a terahertz kunapangitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde a terahertz m'machitidwe othandiza kutheke. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 2000, ukadaulo wolumikizirana wopanda zingwe wakula mofulumira, ndipo kufunikira kwa anthu chidziwitso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zida zolumikizirana kwapereka zofunikira kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwa deta yolumikizirana. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazovuta za ukadaulo wolumikizirana mtsogolo ndikugwira ntchito pamlingo wapamwamba wa data wa gigabits pa sekondi imodzi pamalo amodzi. Pansi pa chitukuko cha zachuma chomwe chilipo pano, zinthu za spectrum zakhala zochepa kwambiri. Komabe, zosowa za anthu pakukula kwa kulumikizana ndi liwiro ndizosatha. Pa vuto la kuchuluka kwa ma spectrum, makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) kuti akonze bwino magwiridwe antchito a spectrum ndi mphamvu ya machitidwe kudzera mu spatial multiplexing. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ma network a 5G, liwiro lolumikizira deta la wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense lidzapitirira Gbps, ndipo kuchuluka kwa deta m'malo oyambira kudzawonjezekanso kwambiri. Pa machitidwe olumikizirana achikhalidwe a millimeter wave, ma microwave link sadzatha kuthana ndi mitsinje yayikulu iyi ya data. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mzere wowonera, mtunda wotumizira mauthenga a infrared ndi waufupi ndipo malo a zida zake zolumikizirana ndi okhazikika. Chifukwa chake, mafunde a THz, omwe ali pakati pa ma microwave ndi infrared, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga machitidwe olumikizirana othamanga kwambiri ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kutumiza deta pogwiritsa ntchito maulalo a THz.
Mafunde a Terahertz angapereke bandwidth yolumikizirana yokulirapo, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwa ma frequency kuli pafupifupi nthawi 1000 kuposa kulumikizana kwa mafoni. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito THz popanga njira zolumikizirana zopanda zingwe zothamanga kwambiri ndi njira yabwino yothetsera vuto la kuchuluka kwa deta, zomwe zakopa chidwi cha magulu ambiri ofufuza ndi mafakitale. Mu Seputembala 2017, muyezo woyamba wa THz wolumikizirana wopanda zingwe wa IEEE 802.15.3d-2017 unatulutsidwa, womwe umatanthauzira kusinthana kwa deta pakati pa THz ndi point-to-point mu frequency yotsika ya 252-325 GHz. Gawo lina la physical layer (PHY) la ulalo limatha kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa deta mpaka 100 Gbps pama bandwidth osiyanasiyana.
Dongosolo loyamba lolumikizana la THz lopambana la 0.12 THz linakhazikitsidwa mu 2004, ndipo dongosolo lolumikizirana la THz la 0.3 THz lidapangidwa mu 2013. Gome 1 likuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa machitidwe olumikizirana a terahertz ku Japan kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2013.
Gome 1 Kafukufuku wa kupita patsogolo kwa njira zolumikizirana za terahertz ku Japan kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2013
Kapangidwe ka antenna ya njira yolumikizirana yomwe idapangidwa mu 2004 idafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) mu 2005. Kapangidwe ka antenna kanayambitsidwa m'njira ziwiri, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2.
Chithunzi 2 Chithunzi cha dongosolo la kulumikizana kwa opanda zingwe la NTT 120 GHz ku Japan
Dongosololi limaphatikiza kusintha kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi antenna ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zogwirira ntchito:
1. Mu malo oyandikira kwambiri mkati, chotumizira ma antenna chozungulira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati chimakhala ndi chip cha single-line carrier photodiode (UTC-PD), antenna yozungulira ndi lenzi ya silicon, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2(a).
2. Mu malo akutali akunja, kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya kutayika kwakukulu kwa ma transmission ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya detector, antenna yotumizira iyenera kukhala ndi gain yayikulu. Antena ya terahertz yomwe ilipo imagwiritsa ntchito lens ya Gaussian optical yokhala ndi gain yoposa 50 dBi. Kuphatikiza kwa feed horn ndi dielectric lens kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2(b).
Kuwonjezera pa kupanga njira yolumikizirana ya 0.12 THz, NTT idapanganso njira yolumikizirana ya 0.3THz mu 2012. Kudzera mu kukonza kosalekeza, liwiro lotumizira mauthenga likhoza kufika pa 100Gbps. Monga momwe taonera pa Table 1, yathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa kulumikizana kwa terahertz. Komabe, ntchito yofufuza yomwe ilipo pano ili ndi zovuta zake chifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa kwa ma frequency ogwirira ntchito, kukula kwakukulu komanso mtengo wokwera.
Ma antenna ambiri a terahertz omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano asinthidwa kuchokera ku ma antenna a millimeter wave, ndipo palibe zatsopano zambiri mu ma antenna a terahertz. Chifukwa chake, kuti tiwongolere magwiridwe antchito a machitidwe olumikizirana a terahertz, ntchito yofunika ndikukonza ma antenna a terahertz. Gome 2 likuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa kulumikizana kwa German THz. Chithunzi 3 (a) chikuwonetsa njira yolumikizirana yopanda zingwe ya THz yoyimira kuphatikiza ma photonics ndi zamagetsi. Chithunzi 3 (b) chikuwonetsa malo oyesera mphepo. Poganizira momwe kafukufuku alili ku Germany, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chake zilinso ndi zovuta monga kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito, mtengo wokwera komanso magwiridwe antchito otsika.
Gome 2 Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa kulumikizana kwa THz ku Germany
Chithunzi 3 Chithunzi choyesera ngalande ya mphepo
CSIRO ICT Center yayambitsanso kafukufuku pa makina olumikizirana opanda zingwe a THz mkati mwa nyumba. Malo olumikiziranawa adaphunzira za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chaka ndi kuchuluka kwa maulumikizidwe, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4, pofika chaka cha 2020, kafukufuku pa maulumikizidwe opanda zingwe amafikira pa gulu la THz. Kuchuluka kwa maulumikizidwe apamwamba kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito sipekitiramu ya wailesi kumawonjezeka pafupifupi nthawi khumi pazaka makumi awiri zilizonse. Malo olumikiziranawa apereka malingaliro pazofunikira za ma antenna a THz ndipo apereka ma antenna achikhalidwe monga nyanga ndi magalasi a makina olumikizirana a THz. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 5, ma antenna awiri a nyanga amagwira ntchito pa 0.84THz ndi 1.7THz motsatana, ndi kapangidwe kosavuta komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino a beam ya Gaussian.
Chithunzi 4 Ubale pakati pa chaka ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi
RM-BDHA818-20A
RM-DCPHA105145-20
Chithunzi 5 Mitundu iwiri ya ma antenna a nyanga
Dziko la United States lachita kafukufuku wambiri pa kutulutsa ndi kuzindikira mafunde a terahertz. Ma laboratories odziwika bwino ofufuza za terahertz akuphatikizapo Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), US National Laboratory (LLNL), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Science Foundation (NSF), ndi zina zotero. Ma antenna atsopano a terahertz ogwiritsira ntchito terahertz apangidwa, monga ma antenna a bowtie ndi ma antenna oyendetsera ma frequency beam. Malinga ndi chitukuko cha ma antenna a terahertz, titha kupeza malingaliro atatu oyambira a ma antenna a terahertz pakadali pano, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 6.
Chithunzi 6 Malingaliro atatu oyambira a kapangidwe ka ma antenna a terahertz
Kusanthula komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa kukuwonetsa kuti ngakhale mayiko ambiri alabadira kwambiri ma antenna a terahertz, akadali mu gawo loyamba lofufuza ndi kupanga. Chifukwa cha kutayika kwakukulu kwa kufalikira ndi kuyamwa kwa mamolekyulu, ma antenna a THz nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa chifukwa cha mtunda wotumizira ndi kufalikira. Kafukufuku wina amayang'ana kwambiri pa kuchuluka kwa ma frequency ogwirira ntchito mu gulu la THz. Kafukufuku wa ma antenna a terahertz omwe alipo amayang'ana kwambiri pakukweza phindu pogwiritsa ntchito ma antenna a lens a dielectric, ndi zina zotero, ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito olumikizirana pogwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms oyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, momwe mungakulitsire magwiridwe antchito a ma antenna a terahertz ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri.
Ma antenna a THz ambiri
Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma antenna a THz omwe alipo: ma antenna a dipole okhala ndi ma conical cavities, ma corner reflector arrays, ma bowtie dipoles, ma dielectric lens planar antennas, ma photoconductive antennas opangira magwero a THz source radiation, ma horn antennas, ma THz antennas otengera graphene materials, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma THz antennas, amatha kugawidwa m'ma antenna achitsulo (makamaka ma horn antennas), ma dielectric antennas (ma lens antennas), ndi ma antennas atsopano. Gawoli limapereka kusanthula koyambirira kwa ma antennas awa, kenako mu gawo lotsatira, ma antenna asanu a THz amafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndikuwunikidwa mozama.
1. Ma antenna achitsulo
Antena ya horn ndi antenna yachitsulo yomwe imapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito mu gulu la THz. Antena ya classic millimeter wave receiver ndi nyanga yozungulira. Antena za corrugated ndi dual-mode zili ndi zabwino zambiri, kuphatikizapo ma radiation patterns ozungulira, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 20 mpaka 30 dBi ndi cross-polarization level yotsika ya -30 dB, komanso coupling efficiency ya 97% mpaka 98%. Ma bandwidth omwe alipo a antena awiri a horn ndi 30%-40% ndi 6%-8%, motsatana.
Popeza mafunde a terahertz amachuluka kwambiri, kukula kwa antenna ya horn ndi kochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukonza nyanga kukhale kovuta kwambiri, makamaka pakupanga ma antenna, ndipo ukadaulo wokonza zinthu umapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri komanso kupanga zinthu zochepa. Chifukwa cha zovuta popanga kapangidwe ka nyanga yovuta, antenna yosavuta ya horn yomwe ili ngati nyanga yozungulira kapena yozungulira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zingachepetse mtengo ndi zovuta za njira, ndipo mphamvu ya radiation ya antenna imatha kusungidwa bwino.
Antena ina yachitsulo ndi antena ya piramidi yoyenda, yomwe imakhala ndi antena ya mafunde oyenda yolumikizidwa pa filimu ya dielectric ya 1.2 micron ndipo imapachikidwa mu dzenje lalitali lolembedwa pa wafer ya silicon, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 7. Antena iyi ndi kapangidwe kotseguka komwe kamagwirizana ndi ma diode a Schottky. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta komanso zofunikira zochepa zopangira, nthawi zambiri ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabande opitilira 0.6 THz. Komabe, mulingo wa sidelobe ndi mulingo wa cross-polarization wa antena ndi wapamwamba, mwina chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kotseguka. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yake yolumikizira ndi yotsika (pafupifupi 50%).
Chithunzi 7 Antena ya piramidi yoyenda ya mafunde oyenda
2. Antena ya Dielectric
Antena ya dielectric ndi kuphatikiza kwa gawo la dielectric ndi radiator ya antenna. Kudzera mu kapangidwe koyenera, antena ya dielectric imatha kukwaniritsa kufanana kwa impedance ndi chowunikira, ndipo ili ndi ubwino wa njira yosavuta, kuphatikiza kosavuta, komanso mtengo wotsika. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza apanga ma antenna angapo a narrowband ndi broadband side-fire omwe angafanane ndi zowunikira zochepa za ma antenna a dielectric a terahertz: antena ya butterfly, antena iwiri yooneka ngati U, antena ya log-periodic, ndi antena ya log-periodic sinusoidal, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 8. Kuphatikiza apo, ma geometries ovuta kwambiri a antena amatha kupangidwa kudzera mu ma algorithms a majini.
Chithunzi 8 Mitundu inayi ya ma antenna ozungulira
Komabe, popeza antenna ya dielectric imaphatikizidwa ndi gawo la dielectric, zotsatira za mafunde a pamwamba zidzachitika pamene ma frequency amafikira ku THz band. Vuto loopsali lidzapangitsa antenna kutaya mphamvu zambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito ndikupangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya radiation ya antenna. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 9, pamene ngodya ya radiation ya antenna ili yayikulu kuposa ngodya yodulidwa, mphamvu yake imakhala mu gawo la dielectric ndipo imalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a substrate.
Chithunzi 9 Mphamvu ya mafunde a pamwamba pa antenna
Pamene makulidwe a substrate akuwonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa njira zapamwamba kumawonjezeka, ndipo kulumikizana pakati pa antenna ndi substrate kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu itayike. Pofuna kufooketsa mphamvu ya mafunde a pamwamba, pali njira zitatu zowongolera:
1) Ikani lenzi pa antenna kuti muwonjezere phindu pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mafunde amagetsi.
2) Chepetsani makulidwe a substrate kuti muchepetse kupanga mafunde amphamvu kwambiri a electromagnetic.
3) Sinthanitsani zinthu zamagetsi za substrate ndi electromagnetic band gap (EBG). Makhalidwe osefera a EBG amatha kuletsa njira zapamwamba.
3. Tinyanga tatsopano
Kuwonjezera pa ma antenna awiri omwe ali pamwambapa, palinso antenna ya terahertz yopangidwa ndi zinthu zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2006, Jin Hao ndi anzake adapereka antenna ya dipole ya carbon nanotube. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 10 (a), dipole imapangidwa ndi ma nanotube a carbon m'malo mwa zinthu zachitsulo. Anaphunzira mosamala za infrared ndi kuwala kwa antenna ya dipole ya carbon nanotube ndipo adakambirana za makhalidwe onse a antenna ya dipole ya carbon nanotube yokhala ndi kutalika kochepa, monga impedance yolowera, kugawa kwa current, gain, efficiency ndi radiation pattern. Chithunzi 10 (b) chikuwonetsa ubale pakati pa impedance yolowera ndi pafupipafupi ya antenna ya dipole ya carbon nanotube. Monga momwe tikuonera mu Chithunzi 10 (b), gawo longopeka la impedance yolowera lili ndi ma zero angapo pama frequency apamwamba. Izi zikusonyeza kuti antenna imatha kupeza ma resonances angapo pama frequency osiyanasiyana. Mwachionekere, antenna ya carbon nanotube imawonetsa resonance mkati mwa ma frequency enaake (ma frequency otsika a THz), koma silingathe kumveka bwino kunja kwa mtunda uwu.
Chithunzi 10 (a) Antena ya dipole ya kaboni. (b) Mzere wozungulira wa impedance
Mu 2012, Samir F. Mahmoud ndi Ayed R. AlAjmi adapanga kapangidwe katsopano ka antenna ya terahertz kochokera ku ma nanotubes a kaboni, omwe amakhala ndi mtolo wa ma nanotubes a kaboni okulungidwa m'zigawo ziwiri za dielectric. Gawo lamkati la dielectric ndi gawo la thovu la dielectric, ndipo gawo lakunja la dielectric ndi gawo la metamaterial. Kapangidwe kake kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 11. Kudzera mu kuyesa, magwiridwe antchito a radiation a antenna asintha poyerekeza ndi ma nanotubes a kaboni okhala ndi khoma limodzi.
Chithunzi 11 Antena yatsopano ya terahertz yochokera ku ma nanotubes a kaboni
Ma antenna atsopano a terahertz omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa ndi amitundu itatu. Pofuna kukonza bandwidth ya antenna ndikupanga ma antenna ogwirizana, ma antenna a graphene opangidwa ndi pulanale alandiridwa kwambiri. Graphene ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri owongolera mosalekeza ndipo imatha kupanga plasma pamwamba posintha mphamvu ya bias. Plasma yapamwamba ilipo pa kulumikizana pakati pa ma substrate okhazikika a dielectric (monga Si, SiO2, ndi zina) ndi ma substrate okhazikika a dielectric (monga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, graphene, ndi zina). Pali "ma electron aulere" ambiri m'ma conductors monga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi graphene. Ma electron aulere awa amatchedwanso ma plasma. Chifukwa cha gawo lamphamvu lomwe lili mu conductor, ma plasma awa amakhala mu mkhalidwe wokhazikika ndipo sasokonezedwa ndi dziko lakunja. Pamene mphamvu ya mafunde a electromagnetic incidence ikuphatikizidwa ndi ma plasma awa, ma plasma amachoka pa mkhalidwe wokhazikika ndikugwedezeka. Pambuyo pa kusintha, mawonekedwe a electromagnetic amapanga mafunde opingasa a maginito pa interface. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa ubale wofalikira wa plasma pamwamba pa chitsulo ndi chitsanzo cha Drude, zitsulo sizingagwirizane mwachilengedwe ndi mafunde a electromagnetic mu malo omasuka ndikusintha mphamvu. Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina kuti musangalatse mafunde a plasma pamwamba. Mafunde a plasma pamwamba amawonongeka mofulumira mbali yofanana ya mawonekedwe a chitsulo ndi substrate. Pamene kondakitala wachitsulo akuyenda molunjika pamwamba, khungu limakhala ndi zotsatira zake. Mwachionekere, chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa antenna, pamakhala zotsatira za khungu mu band ya ma frequency apamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito a antenna atsike kwambiri ndipo sangathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ma antenna a terahertz. Plasmoni ya pamwamba ya graphene sikuti imangokhala ndi mphamvu yomangirira komanso kutayika kochepa, komanso imathandizira kusintha kwamagetsi kosalekeza. Kuphatikiza apo, graphene ili ndi conductivity yovuta mu band ya terahertz. Chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwa mafunde pang'onopang'ono kumakhudzana ndi momwe plasma imayendera pama frequency a terahertz. Makhalidwe awa akuwonetsa bwino kuthekera kwa graphene kusintha zinthu zachitsulo mu band ya terahertz.
Kutengera ndi momwe ma plasmon a graphene surface amagwirira ntchito, Chithunzi 12 chikuwonetsa mtundu watsopano wa strip antenna, ndipo chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a band a makhalidwe a kufalikira kwa mafunde a plasma mu graphene. Kapangidwe ka antenna yosinthika kamapereka njira yatsopano yophunzirira makhalidwe a kufalikira kwa ma antenna atsopano a terahertz.
Chithunzi 12 Antena yatsopano yolumikizira
Kuwonjezera pa kufufuza zinthu zatsopano za terahertz antenna, ma antenna a graphene nanopatch terahertz amathanso kupangidwa ngati magulu olumikizirana kuti amange njira zolumikizirana za terahertz multi-input multi-output antenna. Kapangidwe ka antenna kakuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 13. Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe apadera a ma antenna a graphene nanopatch, zinthu za antenna zili ndi miyeso ya micron-scale. Kuyika kwa nthunzi ya mankhwala kumapanga mwachindunji zithunzi zosiyanasiyana za graphene pa nickel layer yopyapyala ndikuzisamutsa ku substrate iliyonse. Mwa kusankha chiwerengero choyenera cha zigawo ndikusintha electrostatic bias voltage, njira ya radiation imatha kusinthidwa bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dongosololi likonzedwenso.
Chithunzi 13 Graphene nanopatch terahertz antenna array
Kafukufuku wa zinthu zatsopano ndi njira yatsopano. Kupangidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano kukuyembekezeka kudutsa malire a ma antenna achikhalidwe ndikupanga ma antenna atsopano osiyanasiyana, monga ma metamaterials osinthika, zinthu zamitundu iwiri (2D), ndi zina zotero. Komabe, mtundu uwu wa ma antenna umadalira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zatsopano komanso kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa njira. Mulimonsemo, chitukuko cha ma antenna a terahertz chimafuna zinthu zatsopano, ukadaulo wolondola wokonza ndi kapangidwe katsopano kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zapamwamba, zotsika mtengo komanso zochulukirapo za ma antenna a terahertz.
Zotsatirazi zikufotokoza mfundo zazikulu za mitundu itatu ya ma antenna a terahertz: ma antenna achitsulo, ma antenna a dielectric ndi ma antenna atsopano, ndipo zimafotokoza kusiyana kwawo ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwawo.
1. Antena yachitsulo: Ma geometry ake ndi osavuta, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, otsika mtengo, komanso osowa kwambiri pazinthu za substrate. Komabe, antena zachitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yamakina kuti zisinthe malo a antena, zomwe zimakhala ndi zolakwika. Ngati kusinthako sikuli kolondola, magwiridwe antchito a antena adzachepa kwambiri. Ngakhale antena yachitsulo ndi yaying'ono, zimakhala zovuta kuigwirizanitsa ndi dera lozungulira.
2. Antena ya Dielectric: Antena ya Dielectric ili ndi impedance yotsika, ndi yosavuta kuigwirizanitsa ndi chowunikira chotsika cha impedance, ndipo ndi yosavuta kuilumikiza ndi planar circuit. Mawonekedwe a geometrical a ma antenna a dielectric ndi monga mawonekedwe a gulugufe, mawonekedwe awiri a U, mawonekedwe a logarithmic wamba ndi mawonekedwe a logarithmic periodic sine. Komabe, ma antenna a dielectric alinso ndi vuto lalikulu, lomwe ndi zotsatira za mafunde a pamwamba zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha substrate yokhuthala. Yankho lake ndi kuyika lens ndikusinthira substrate ya dielectric ndi kapangidwe ka EBG. Mayankho onsewa amafunikira luso komanso kusintha kosalekeza kwa ukadaulo wa njira ndi zipangizo, koma magwiridwe antchito awo abwino kwambiri (monga omnidirectionality ndi surface wave depression) angapereke malingaliro atsopano ofufuza ma antenna a terahertz.
3. Ma antenna atsopano: Pakadali pano, ma antenna atsopano a dipole opangidwa ndi ma nanotubes a carbon ndi mapangidwe atsopano a antenna opangidwa ndi metamaterials aonekera. Zipangizo zatsopano zitha kubweretsa kupita patsogolo kwatsopano, koma mfundo yaikulu ndi luso la sayansi ya zinthu. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wa ma antenna atsopano akadali mu gawo lofufuza, ndipo ukadaulo wambiri wofunikira sunakwanitse.
Mwachidule, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma antenna a terahertz ingasankhidwe malinga ndi zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake:
1) Ngati pakufunika kapangidwe kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika wopanga, ma antenna achitsulo amatha kusankhidwa.
2) Ngati pakufunika kuphatikiza kwakukulu komanso kupondereza kotsika kwa ma input, ma antenna a dielectric amatha kusankhidwa.
3) Ngati pakufunika kupita patsogolo pa ntchito, ma antenna atsopano akhoza kusankhidwa.
Mapangidwe omwe ali pamwambawa amathanso kusinthidwa malinga ndi zofunikira zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu iwiri ya ma antenna ingaphatikizidwe kuti ipeze ubwino wambiri, koma njira yopangira ndi ukadaulo wa kapangidwe ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza ma antenna, chonde pitani ku:
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-02-2024
