Kusintha kwa Ma Antennas a Base Station: Kuchokera ku 1G mpaka 5G

Nkhaniyi ikupereka kuwunika mwadongosolo kusinthika kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa antenna m'mibadwo yonse yolumikizana ndi mafoni, kuchokera pa 1G mpaka 5G. Imatsata momwe tinyanga tasinthira kuchokera ku ma transceivers osavuta kukhala makina apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi luso lanzeru monga kuwunikira komanso Massive MIMO.

**Core Technological Evolution by Generation**

| | Nthawi | Tekinoloje Zazikulu & Zotsogola | Mtengo Wofunika & Mayankho |

| | **1G** | Tinyanga za Omnidirectional, kusiyanasiyana kwapamalo | Anapereka zofunika Kuphunzira; ulalo wokwezeka bwino chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwapang'onopang'ono ndikusokonekera pang'ono chifukwa chakutalikirana kwamasiteshoni. | |

| | **2G** | Directional antennas (sectorization), tinyanga tapawiri-polarized | Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ndi kufalikira; polarization yapawiri idathandizira mlongoti umodzi m'malo awiri, kupulumutsa malo ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale deser. | |

| | **3G** | Multi-band antennas, mapendekedwe amagetsi akutali (RET), tinyanga tamitundu yambiri | Kuthandizira magulu atsopano afupipafupi, kuchepetsa mtengo wa malo ndi kukonza; yathandiza kukhathamiritsa kwakutali ndi kuchuluka kwachulukidwe m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri. | |

| | **4G** | Ma antenna a MIMO (4T4R/8T8R), ma antenna amitundu yambiri, mapangidwe ophatikizika a antenna-RRU | Zowoneka bwino kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa bwino komanso kuthekera kwadongosolo; idathana ndi kukhazikika kwama multi-band mode ndi kuphatikiza komwe kukukulirakulira. | |

| | **5G** | Massive MIMO AAU (Antena Yogwira Ntchito) | Kuthetsa zovuta zazikulu za kubisala kofooka komanso kufunikira kwa kuchuluka kwakukulu kudzera pamasanjidwe akulu komanso kuwunikira kolondola. | |

Njira yachisinthikoyi yayendetsedwa ndi kufunikira kolinganiza zofunikira zinayi zazikuluzikulu: kuphimba ndi mphamvu, kuyambika kwatsopano kwa ma sipekitiramu motsutsana ndi kutengera kwa hardware, zopinga za malo osagwirizana ndi zomwe zimafunikira magwiridwe antchito, komanso zovuta zogwirira ntchito motsutsana ndi kulondola kwa netiweki.

Kuyang'ana m'tsogolo, nthawi ya 6G ipitilira njira yopita ku MIMO yayikulu kwambiri, ndi zinthu za mlongoti zomwe zikuyembekezeka kupitilira masauzande ambiri, ndikukhazikitsanso ukadaulo wa tinyanga ngati mwala wapangodya wam'badwo wotsatira. Zatsopano zaukadaulo wa antenna zikuwonetsa bwino kukula kwamakampani olumikizana ndi mafoni.