Kupitilira kuchokera pa zomwe zidakambidwa kale, ngakhale kuti ma antenna amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ambiri kutengera kufanana kwawo.
Malinga ndi kutalika kwa nthawi: ma antenna apakati, ma antenna afupi, ma antenna afupi kwambiri, ma antenna a microwave...
Mwa magwiridwe antchito: ma antenna okwera mtengo, ma antenna apakati...
Mwa malangizo: ma antenna olunjika onse, ma antenna olunjika, ma antenna a gawo...
Pogwiritsa ntchito: ma antenna a siteshoni yapansi, ma antenna a pa TV, ma antenna a radar, ma antenna a wailesi...
Ndi kapangidwe kake: ma antenna a waya,ma antenna ozungulira...
Ndi mtundu wa dongosolo: ma antenna a chinthu chimodzi, ma antenna a gulu...
Lero tikambirana kwambiri za ma antenna a siteshoni ya base.
Ma antenna a siteshoni yapansi ndi gawo la dongosolo la ma antenna a siteshoni yapansi komanso gawo lofunika kwambiri la dongosolo lolumikizirana la mafoni. Ma antenna a siteshoni yapansi nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'ma antenna amkati ndi akunja. Ma antenna amkati nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma antenna a padenga omwe ali ndi ma antenna olunjika ndi ma antenna olunjika. Tidzayang'ana kwambiri ma antenna akunja, omwe amagawidwanso m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yolunjika. Ma antenna olunjika amagawidwanso m'ma antenna olunjika amodzi ndi ma antenna olunjika awiri. Kodi polarization ndi chiyani? Musadandaule, tidzakambirana pambuyo pake. Choyamba tiyeni tikambirane za ma antenna olunjika ndi olunjika. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, antenna yolunjika imatumiza ndikulandira zizindikiro mbali zonse, pomwe antenna yolunjika imatumiza ndikulandira zizindikiro mbali inayake.
Ma antenna akunja omwe ali ndi ma antenna onse amawoneka motere:
Kwenikweni ndi ndodo, zina ndi zokhuthala, zina ndi zoonda.
Poyerekeza ndi ma antenna olunjika onse, ma antenna olunjika ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zenizeni.
Nthawi zambiri, imawoneka ngati gulu lathyathyathya, ndichifukwa chake imatchedwa antenna ya gulu.
Antena yozungulira imakhala ndi zigawo zotsatirazi:
Chigawo chowala (dipole)
Chowunikira (mbale yoyambira)
Netiweki yogawa mphamvu (netiweki yodyetsa)
Kutsekereza ndi kuteteza (antenna radome)
Kale, tinaona zinthu zowala modabwitsa, zomwe kwenikweni ndi zinthu zowala za ma antenna a siteshoni yoyambira. Kodi mwaona kuti ma angles a zinthu zowalazi amatsatira dongosolo linalake: ali mu mawonekedwe a "+" kapena "×".
Ichi ndi chimene tinatchula kale kuti "polarization."
Pamene mafunde a wailesi akufalikira mumlengalenga, njira ya magetsi awo imasintha malinga ndi kapangidwe kake; chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa polarization ya mafunde a wailesi.
Ngati njira yamagetsi ya mafunde a electromagnetic ili yolunjika pansi, timaitcha kuti mafunde ozungulira molunjika. Mofananamo, ngati ili yofanana ndi nthaka, ndi mafunde ozungulira mopingasa. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso ma ±45° polarizations.
Kuphatikiza apo, komwe magetsi akupita kungakhale kozungulira mozungulira, komwe kumatchedwa mafunde ozungulira ngati elliptically.
Kugawa kwa ma antenna awiri kumatanthauza kuti zinthu ziwiri za antenna zimaphatikizidwa mkati mwa unit imodzi, ndikupanga mafunde awiri odziyimira pawokha.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma antenna okhala ndi polarized awiri kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa ma antenna ofunikira kuti ma cell azitha kuphimba, kuchepetsa zofunikira pakuyika ma antenna, motero kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti ma antennawo ndi othandiza. Mwachidule, zimapereka zabwino zambiri.
Tikupitiriza kukambirana kwathu pa ma antenna olunjika mbali zonse ndi olunjika mbali zonse.
N’chifukwa chiyani ma antenna otsogolera amatha kulamulira njira ya kuwala kwa chizindikiro?
Tiyeni tione chithunzi choyamba:
Mtundu uwu wa chithunzi umatchedwa mawonekedwe a radiation ya antenna.
Popeza danga ndi la mbali zitatu, mawonekedwe awa ochokera pamwamba mpaka pansi ndi mawonekedwe ochokera kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo amapereka njira yomveka bwino komanso yosavuta yowonera kufalikira kwa mphamvu ya kuwala kwa antenna.
Chithunzi pamwambapa ndi chitsanzo cha kuwala kwa antenna chomwe chimapangidwa ndi ma dipole awiri ofanana ndi theka la mafunde, ofanana ndi tayala lomwe lili pansi.
Ponena za izi, chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za antenna ndi kuchuluka kwa ma radiation ake.
Kodi tingatani kuti antenna iyi ipitirire kufalikira?
Yankho lake ndi lakuti—ndi kuigwira!
Tsopano mtunda wa radiation udzakhala waukulu kwambiri...
Vuto ndilakuti, kuwala kwa dzuwa sikuoneka ndipo sikuoneka; simungathe kukuona kapena kukhudza, ndipo simungathenso kujambulidwa.
Mu chiphunzitso cha antenna, ngati mukufuna "kuimenya", njira yolondola ndiyo kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha zinthu zowala.
Zinthu zikamawala kwambiri, mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa dzuwa amakhala osalala...
Chabwino, tayala laphwanyidwa kukhala diski, chizindikiro chawonjezeka, ndipo chimawala mbali zonse, madigiri 360; ndi antenna yolunjika mbali zonse. Mtundu uwu wa antenna ndi wabwino kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo akutali komanso otseguka. Komabe, mumzinda, antenna yamtunduwu ndi yovuta kugwiritsa ntchito bwino.
M'mizinda, komwe kuli anthu ambiri komanso nyumba zambiri, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ma antenna owongolera kuti apereke uthenga kumadera enaake.
Chifukwa chake, tifunika "kusintha" antenna yolunjika mbali zonse.
Choyamba, tifunika kupeza njira "yochepetsera" mbali imodzi ya izi:
Kodi timachikanikiza bwanji? Timayika chowunikira ndikuchiyika mbali imodzi. Kenako, timagwiritsa ntchito ma transducer angapo kuti "tiyang'ane" mafunde a phokoso.
Pomaliza, mawonekedwe a radiation omwe tidapeza akuwoneka motere:
Mu chithunzichi, lobe yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya radiation imatchedwa lobe yayikulu, pomwe lobe yotsalayo imatchedwa side lobes kapena secondary lobes, ndipo palinso mchira wawung'ono kumbuyo wotchedwa lobe yakumbuyo.
Eya, mawonekedwe awa akuoneka ngati ... biringanya?
Ponena za "biringanya" iyi, kodi mungatani kuti muwonjezere kufalikira kwake kwa zizindikiro?
Kuigwira uku utaima mumsewu sikungagwire ntchito; pali zopinga zambiri.
Mukaima pamwamba, mumatha kuona patali, kotero tifunika kulunjika pamalo okwera.
Mukakhala pamalo okwera kwambiri, kodi mumayang'ana bwanji antenna pansi? N'zosavuta, kungoyang'ana antenna pansi, eti?
Inde, kupendeketsa antenna mwachindunji panthawi yoyika ndi njira imodzi, yomwe timaitcha "kugwetsa pansi kwa makina."
Ma antenna amakono onse ali ndi luso limeneli poika; mkono wamakina umasamalira.
Komabe, kutsika kwa makina kumabweretsanso vuto—
Pogwiritsa ntchito makina otsetsereka, kukula kwa zigawo zoyima ndi zopingasa za antenna sikunasinthe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokonekera kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka antenna.
Izi sizingagwire ntchito, chifukwa zingakhudze kufalikira kwa chizindikiro. Chifukwa chake, tinagwiritsa ntchito njira ina, yomwe ndi kutsika kwa magetsi, kapena kungokhala kutsika kwa magetsi.
Mwachidule, kutsika kwa magetsi kumaphatikizapo kusunga ngodya yeniyeni ya thupi la antenna osasintha, ndikusintha gawo la zinthu za antenna kuti zisinthe mphamvu ya field.
Poyerekeza ndi kutsika kwa makina, ma antenna otsetsereka pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi sasintha kwambiri pakupanga kwawo kwa kuwala, amalola kuti ma angles atsike kwambiri, ndipo lobe yayikulu ndi lobe yakumbuyo zonse zimatsogozedwa pansi.
Inde, pogwiritsira ntchito, kutsika kwa makina ndi kutsika kwamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi.
Pambuyo poika downtilt, zikuwoneka motere:
Pachifukwa ichi, ma radiation a antenna amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri.
Komabe, mavuto akadalipo:
1. Pali kusiyana pakati pa lobe yaikulu ndi lobe ya m'mbali ya pansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo obisika a chizindikiro asamaonekere m'derali. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "mthunzi".
2. Mbali yakumtunda ya mbali ili ndi ngodya yayitali, yomwe imakhudza madera omwe ali patali kwambiri ndipo imayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa maselo mosavuta, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chizindikirocho chidzakhudza maselo ena.
Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kuyesetsa kudzaza mpata mu "kuya kotsika" ndikuletsa mphamvu ya "upper sidelobe."
Njira zenizenizo zimaphatikizapo kusintha mulingo wa mbali ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga beamforming. Tsatanetsatane waukadaulo ndi wovuta pang'ono. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kusaka nokha zambiri zoyenera.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza ma antenna, chonde pitani ku:
Nthawi yotumizira: Dec-04-2025
